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Chapter 1 - Stat I

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162 views15 pages

Chapter 1 - Stat I

Uploaded by

henokmerehatsidik06
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Statistics

Chapter One
Introduction

BY: Girma.M(MBA)

By: Girma M
Definition of statistics
i. In plural sense (As a data):
 Numerical facts, figures or statistical data. i.e., the raw data
themselves, e.g. statistics of births
ii. In Singular Sense
 Statistics defined as a method
 statistics refers to the science or discipline of study.
 The science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and
interpreting numerical data to make decisions.

Girma,2021
Characteristics of Statistics
 Statistics should be numerically expressed

 They should be aggregates of facts

 They should be collected in a systematic manner

 They should be collected for a predetermined purpose

 They should be placed in relation to each other

 Estimated according to reasonable standards of accuracy:

 Statistics are affected by a number of factors.

Girma,2021
Basic Terminologies

 Data: The word data was obtained from the singular Latin word

“datum “to mean fact.

 Population: The complete collection of individuals, object that

have a characteristic in common . E.g. population of household

 Sample: A sub group of the population that will be studied detail

 Parameters: statistical measures obtained from a population data

 Sample Statistic: a number computed from a sample data

Girma,2021
Basic Terminologies..
 Variable: characteristic under study that assumes different values .
 Qualitative Variable: cannot assume a numerical value
 Quantitative Variable: can be expressed numerically
 Discrete Variable: whose values are countable .
 Continuous Variable: assume any numerical value between two given
values : e.g.. height of a person
 Observation /Measurement: The value of a variable
 Data Set: a collection of observations on one or more variables.
 Sample Frame: A list of the entire population from which items can be
selected to form a sample is referred to as sample frame.

Girma,2021
Classification of statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics: The collection, organization, presentation
and analysis of numerical data.
Example : The average age of athletes participated in London
Marathon was 25 years, 80% of the instructors in Adama University
are males
2. Inferential Statistics
 concerned with the process of drawing conclusions (inferences)
about specific characteristics of a population
 Performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships among
variables, and making predictions
Example: Studies indicate that more than 90% Ethiopian airline
flights arrive on time
Girma,2021
Steps of statistical investigation

1. Collection of data: Obtaining measurements and constitutes


2. Organization of data: It constitute data editing, data
classification and data tabulation
3. Presentation of data : arranging the data using graphs and
diagrams.
4. Analysis of data: This is the extraction of summarized and
comprehensible numerical descriptions of the data.
5. Interpretation of data: It is the task of drawing conclusions from
the analysis of the data.

Girma,2021
Limitation of statistics
Some of these limitations are:
• It does not deal with individual values
• It cannot deal with qualitative characteristic
• Statistical conclusions are not universally true
• Statistical interpretation requires a high degree of skill and
understanding
uses of statistics
 To present facts in a definite form
 Statistics facilitates comparisons
 Statistics gives guidance in the formulation of suitable policies
 Prediction
 Statistical methods are very helpful in formulating and testing
hypothesis and to develop newGirma,2021
theories
Scales of measurement

 Measurement : the assignment of numbers to objects and events

 A measurement scale should possess the following attributes to allow


the logical manipulations
1. Magnitude: Is the quantum or quantity in which the attribute exists.
Example 1.6: If X gets a score of 20 on an aggressiveness scale and Y a
score of 25, we can say that Y is more aggressive than X.
2. Equal intervals: It denotes that the magnitude of the attribute
represented by a unit of measurement on the scale is equal regardless of
where on the scale the unit falls.
Example A difference in heights between 60 inches and 65 inches is
equal to the difference in height, between 67 inches and 72 inches.
Girma,2021
Scale...
3. Absolute zero point

• Is a value that indicates exists at that point or nothing at all


of the attribute being measured exists.
• For example, a zero weight indicates “no weight” at all
• Keeping in mind these three characteristics
measurements ,scales of measurement can be divided in to
four different types.

Girma,2021
Type of Scale of Measurment
1. Nominal Scale (Classificatory Scale)
• The simple classification of objects or items in to discrete groups Numbers
are used simply as labels for groups or classes.
• Example: If our data set consists of blue, green, and red items, we may
designate blue as 1, green as 2, and red as3. In this case, the numbers 1, 2
and 3 stand only for the category to which a data point belongs.
2. Ordinal Scale or Ranking Scale
 First it is nominal scale and here data elements may be ordered according
to their relative size or quality
 Reflects only magnitude and does not possess the attribute of equal
intervals or an absolute zero point . E.g. MA >BA

Girma,2021
3. Interval Scale
 The interval scale possesses two out of three important
requirements of good measurement scale i.e., magnitude and equal
intervals but lacks the real or absolute zero point.
Example: Measure heights of the students, we any find their height to
be 150cm.

4. Ratio Scale
 The scale of measurement which has all the three attributes –
magnitude, equal intervals and an absolute zero point
• Example 1.12:- All physical measurements, like height, weight, etc.

Girma,2021
Application of Statistics
• It is associated almost with all the sciences as well as social,
economic, and political activities.
i. Statistics and Economics
• Statistical data & methods are helpful in proper understanding
and solving a variety of the economic problems such as wages etc.
• helpful in formulating economic policies & in evaluating their effect.
II. Statistics and Business
• Statistical techniques are helpful to study the need & desire of the
consumers.
• helpful for forecasting

Girma,2021
Application...

Statistics and Industry


• In industry, statistics is widely exploited in Quality
Control‟. To find whether the product is confirming
to specifications or not,
• statistical tools like inspection plans, control charts,
etc. are of great use.

Girma,2021
The End
Thank You!

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