Wind power generation

• 41 GW Installed capacity (2022).

• Ministry of New and Renewable energy
(MNRE).
• National Institute of wind energy (NIWE)-
Chennai HQ.
Sizes and Applications
• Small (10 kW): Homes, Farms Remote Application.
• Intermediate( 225kW): Village Power, Hybrid Systems,
Distributed Power
• Large (660 kW - 2+MW): Central Station Wind Farms,
Distributed Power, Community Wind
Drivers for Wind Power
• Declining Wind Costs, Fuel Price Uncertainty
• Green Power
• Energy Security
• Economic Development
Top states
• 1. Tamil Nadu(28%=8631 MW))
• 2. Gujarat(19%)
• 3. Maharastra
• 4. Karnataka
• 5. Rajasthan
Largest wind power plant in India
Policies Related to Wind Energy in India
• National Offshore Wind Energy Policy framework( October
2015).
• The objective is to develop offshore wind energy in the Indian
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) along the Indian coastline.
• A Solar-Wind Hybrid policy was issued in May 2018.
• The main objective of the policy is to provide a framework for the
promotion of large grid-connected wind-solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid
systems for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar
resources, transmission infrastructure, and land. The wind-solar PV
hybrid systems will help in reducing the variability in renewable
power generation and achieving better grid stability
Wind power generation systems

• Wind turbines
operate by transforming the kinetic energy in wind
into mechanical power which is used to generate electricity by
spinning a generator. These turbines can be on land or can be an
offshore
Working of turbine:
• One side of the blade is curved while the other is flat. The wind
flows more quickly along the curved edge, creating a difference
in pressure on either side of the blade. The blades are “pushed”
by the air in order to equalize the pressure difference, causing
the blades to turn
Types of wind farm
Based location of site:
• Onshore-Onshore wind refers to turbines located on land
• Offshore-offshore turbines are located out at sea or in freshwater.
Based on Rotor Axis:
• HAWT
• VAWT
Parts of the wind power generation system

1. Rotor Blades
2. Nacelle
3. Tower
Main components in Nacelle
• Low speed Shaft
• Gear box
• Generator
• power Converter
• Controller
• Transformer
Block diagram:
Basic components:
Aero Turbine
• Wind turbine blades generate lift with their curved shape. The side with
the most curve generates low air pressure, while at the same time high-
pressure air beneath forces on the other side of the blade-shaped
aerofoil.
• Lift force is perpendicular to airflow and drag foce cuts in air flow
direction.
• Good(Liftforce/dragforce)=30
Rotor:
• Horizontal axis rotor
• Vertical axis rotor: They operates in all wind direction
Gearbox:
• The gearbox converts the turning speed of the blades (15 to 20
RPM for a one-megawatt turbine) into 1500 RPM that the
generator needs to generate electricity
Electrical Generator:
• An electrical generator may be a DC generator or it may use a
synchronous or induction type of generator to produce AC
power which is interfaced with the grid.
The choice of electrical generator:
Constant speed drive:
• (a) DC Generator: A permanent magnet type dc generator is used for
small and medium scale power generation up to 100 kW rating.
• (b) Synchronous generators: are used for medium and large-scale
power generation having constant speed with ± 1% of speed
fluctuations.
Variable speed drive:
• (c) Induction type generators: are used for variable shaft speed up
to ± 10%. These generators are preferred over DC and synchronous
generators since they have low cost, low maintenance, and better
transient performance.
Induction generator:
• The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) with the back-to-
back converter is a system frequently used in wind turbines.
Traditional wind turbines have fixed turning speeds, while DFIG
enables wind turbines to operate with various range of speeds
SCIG Block diagram:
Controller:
• The speed is maintained
by pitch control of wind
turbine
Yaw control and pitch control
• The yaw control mechanism comprises a motor and drive. The
main purpose of this arrangement is to move the nacelle and
blades according to the wind direction. It enables the wind
turbine to capture the maximum available wind. During the
nacelle movement, a fair chance of cable twisting occurs inside
the tower
• Pitch control is capable of regulating the pitch angle of the
wind turbine blades so that a steady output power can be
obtained when the wind speed is above the rated value. As
a result, pitch control is critical for variable-speed wind turbine
conversion systems
Constant v and f control:
• The function of controller is to derive the reference voltage and
frequency signals from the grid and to sense the wind speed
and its direction. The controller will process the power output of
the generator and accordingly sends the signal to various
blocks for taking the suitable correction measures
Variable speed drive controller:
In this system, the variable voltage and variable frequency output of a
synchronous or induction-type generator is first rectified to DC and then
converted to fixed voltage and frequency using an AC inverter and
connected to grid.
Windmill head:
• Supports the rotor
• Houses the rotor bearings
• Houses the all control mechanism
Tower
• Wind velocities increase at higher altitudes
• For HAWTs, tower heights approximately two to three times the
blade length
• Currently, the majority of wind turbines are supported by conical
tubular steel towers
• towers represent 30% – 65% of the turbine weight
Grid connection/ load:
• The generator produces alternating current(AC). The most common
method in large modern turbines is to use a doubly fed induction
generator directly connected to the grid.
• Some turbines drive an AC/AC converter—which converts the AC
to direct current (DC) with a rectifier and then back to AC with
an inverter —in order to match grid frequency and phase.
• Grid loads are Time varying.
• Wind speed is also Time-varying.
• It needs power management controllers and Advanced prediction
Algorithms.
• For Standalone loads it needs a backup source.
 Wind Speed parameters:
Cut in speed : speed at turbine starts to rotate(3.5 m/s)
Nominal speed : speed at which power output reaches the limit that electrical is
capable of with increase in speed power increases(13-25 m/s)
Cut-out speed : speed at which it damage to the rotor(25-30 m/s)
Anemometer
• An anemometer is one of the tools used to measure wind speed
Key factors for wind energy:
• Wind speed
• Swept area
• Air density
• Overall conversion efficiency of rotor
The wind energy formula is given by:

Where:

P = power,
ρ = air density,
A = swept area of blades given by,
where r is the radius of the blades.
V = velocity of the wind.
Problem:
• Determine the power in the wind if the wind speed is 20 m/s and blade
length is 50 m?
Given:
Wind speed v = 20 m/s,
Blade length l = 50 m,
Air density ρ = 1.23 kg/m.
Area=π × 2500=7850 m
wind power,
P=1/2(1.23)(7850)203
P=38622 W
Advantages:
• Renewable
• Low cost of energy(LCOE:Rs 2.8-3.3/unit)
• Clean energy
Disadvantages:
• Intermittent source
• Wind Parks need to be spread over more land than other power
stations
• Required maintenance
Thank you