Presentation on Review

of Published Research
Work
Heat Transfer enhancement technique in a
Pipe and their thermal performance factor.

Supervisor:- By: Abhishek Singh

Dr Mohan Gupta Research Scholar
Department of Mechanical Engineering MED, UU, Prayagraj
United University, Prayagraj Reg ID : UU211520050
Semester-VI
 Presentation Outline:

• Area of Research
• Proposed/Tentative Topic
• Relevance and Usefulness of the
Chosen area of Research
• Course Work Subjects
• Relevance of Course Work Subjects
with the Research Area
• Research Plan
 Area of Research

HMT (Heat and Mass Transfer)

 Study of heat and Mass Transfer
 Study of Prandtl Number
 Study of Thermal Performance Factor
 Study of Heat Transfer Rate
 Topic
Heat Transfer enhancement technique in
a pipe and their thermal performance
factor.

• The general role of HMT in my research is to

predict the enhancement of rate of heat
transfer
• It is always on the positive side to compare
the predicted values of rate of heat transfer
with experimental values. This is also helpful
in establishing the validation of results.
 Relevance and Usefulness of
the Chosen area of research

• Gas processing, refineries in oil and

gas
• Presses, rolls, laminating, printing in
converting
• Catalysis, distillation, synthesis in
petrochemicals
• Concrete heating, hot-mix paving in
Asphalt and concrete
 Thermal Performance Factor

The ratio of change in heat transfer

rate to change in friction factor

Thermal Hydraulic
Performance
Thermal Hydraulic performance of
equipment based in the balance
between the heat transfer coefficient
and the pressure drop.
 Prandtl Number
The ratio of the momentum and
thermal diffusivities.

Friction Factor
The friction Factor is representing
the loss of pressure of a fluid in a
pipe due to interactions in between
the fluid and the pipe.
 H eat Transfer Rate

The Rate of Heat Transfer to an object is

equal to the material the object is made
from multiplied by the surface area in
contact, multiplied by the depress in
temperature between the two objects.
 INTRODUCTION
High performance heat transfer system is great
importance in many industrial applications. The
performance of conventional heat exchangers can be
substantially improved by a number of heat transfer
enhancement techniques.. The process industry is
continuously working to incorporate enhancement in
heat transfer. Enhancement techniques can be
classified as active methods, which require external
power and Passive methods, which require no direct
application of external power.
 INTRODUCTION
The enhanced surfaces are routinely used to
improve thermal and hydraulic performance of
heat exchangers. Experimental investigation of
heat transfer of circular tube(smooth and
roughened pipe) have been studied under
uniform heat flux conditions. Air is used as
working fluid.
 Why need heat transfer enhancement
• To make the equipment compact
• To achieve a high heat transfer rate using minimize pumping
• power Minimize the cost of energy and material
• A need for miniaturization of a heat exchanger in specific applications
space, OTEC
• Working fluids of low thermal conductivity (gases and oils )and
desalination plants
• Increase efficiency of process and system
• Design optimum heat exchanger size
• Transfer required amount of heat with high effectiveness
• Reduce the volume and weight
• For given temperature difference improved heat transfer
• Effective utilization of energy - minimum operating cost
Heat transfer enhancement techniques
• Active method:-external power input for the
enhancement of heat transfer
• Passive method:-surface or geometrical
modification to the flow channel by
incorporating inserts or additional devices
• Compound method:-when any two or more
techniques employed simultaneously
 PASSIVE TECHNIQUES
• Treated surface are heat transfer surface that have affine -
scale alteration to their finish or coating the alteration
could be continuous or discontinuous, where the
roughness is much smaller than what affects single-phase
heat transfer, and they are used primarily for boiling and
condensing duties..
• Rough surface are generally surface modification that
promote turbulence in the flow field, primarily in the
single phase flows, and do not increase the heat transfer
surface area. Their geometric features range from random
sand-grain roughness to discrete three-dimensional,
 PASSIVE TECHNIQUES
• Extended surfaces, more commonly referred to as finned
surfaces, provide an effective heat transfer surface area
enlargement. Plain fins have been used routinely in many heat
exchangers. The newer developments, however, have led to
modified finned surfaces that also tend to improve the heat
transfer coefficients by disturbing the flow field in addition to
increasing the surface area
• Displaced enhancement device are inserts that are used
primarily in confined forced convection, and they improve
energy transport indirectly at the heat exchange surface by
"displacing" the fluid from the heated or cooled surface of the
duct with bulk fluid from the core flow
 PASSIVE TECHNIQUES
• Swirl flow devices produce and superimpose swirl or
secondary recirculation on the axial flow in a channel.
They include helical strip or cored screw-type tube inserts,
twisted ducts, and various forms of altered (tangential to
axial direction) flow arrangements, and they can be used
for single-phase as well as two-phase flows
• Coiled tubes are what the name suggests, and they lead
to relatively more compact heat exchangers. The tube
curvature due to coiling produces secondary flows, which
promote higher heat transfer coefficients in single-phase
flows as well as in most regions of boiling.
 Active techniques:-
• Mechanical aids are those that stir the fluid by
mechanical mean or by rotating the surface.
The more prominent examples include
rotating tube heat exchangers and scraped-
surface heat and mass exchangers
• Surface vibration has been applied primarily,
at either low or high frequency, in single phase
flows to obtain higher convective heat transfer
coefficients
 Active techniques
• Fluid vibration or fluid pulsation, with vibrations ranging
from 1.0 Hz to ultrasound, used primarily in single-phase
flows, is considered to be perhaps the most practical type
of vibration enhancement technique
• Electrostatic fields which could be in the form of electric
or magnetic fields, or a combination of the two, from de
or ac sources, can be applied in heat exchange systems
involving dielectric fluids. Depending on the application,
they can promote greater bulk fluid mixing and induce
forced convection (corona "wind") or electromagnetic
pumping to enhance heat transfer
 Why passive techniques
1. These techniques generally use simple surface
or geometrical modifications to the flow channel
by incorporation inserts or additional devices
2. It does not need any external power input
3. Insert manufacturing process is simple and
these techniques can be easily employed in an
existing heat exchanger
 Why passive techniques
• 4.Passive insert configuration can be selected
according to the heat exchanger working
condition
• 5.It can be used in design of compact heat
exchangers
• 6.It is not only applicable in heat exchanger
but also in solar air heater and cooling of
electronic components(heat sink)
 Mechanisms of augmentation of heat
transfer
• Use of secondary heat transfer surface
• Disruption the laminar sub layer in the turbulent boundary
layer
• Disruption of the unenhanced fluid velocity
• Introduction secondary flows
• Promoting boundary -layer separation
• Enhancing effective thermal conductivity of the fluid under
static conditions
• Enhancing effective thermal conductivity of the fluid under
dynamic
• Delaying the boundary layer development
 Mechanisms of augmentation of heat
transfer
• Thermal dispersion
• Increasing the order of the fluid molecules
• Redistribution of the flow
• Modification of radioactive property of the convective
medium
• Increasing the difference between the surface and fluid
temperature
• Increasing fluid flow rate passively
• Increasing the thermal conductivity of the solid phase
using special nanotechnology fabrications
  Find out the different factors which
are affecting the heat transfer rate?
• The mass of the substance, its specific heat capacity and the
amount of variation in temperature
• Mass of object the substance:- An will undergo a Smaller
temperature change than an object less mass or laver specific
heat.
• Specific heat capacity:- Heat capacity is the ability of a material
to store of a heat, higher capacity higher. the amount to heat
stored by the material. Heat transfer usually varies inversely
with heat Capacity, i.e heat transfer will decrease with
increase in heat capacity and vice versa.
• Amount of variation in temperature:- The rate of heat transfer
is directly proportional to the temperature gradient results in a
higher rate of heat transfer. while a lower temperature gradient
results in a slower rate of heat transfer.
 Material factors affect the heat transfer rate:-

• There are various material factor, affect the heat transfer rate
like thermal conductivity specific heat capacity, density,
thermal diffusivity, Surface roughness, emissivity absorptivity,
transparency, moisture content, crystal structure.

 Geometrical factors that affect the heat

transfer rate:-
• It include surface area, pipeline diameter, length, shape,
Orientation, surface roughness.
 Environmental factors that can affect the heat
transfer rate include:-

• Temperature, Humidity Air movement, Pressure, Gravity Vibration,

Radiation, Altitude, Corrosion, Magnetic fields, Electric fields.

 Factor affecting the capacity of heat transfer:-

• Several factors affect the capacity of heat transfer are

temperature difference, fluid velocity, fluid properties,
pipeline material, inserts and fins, pressure, flow
direction.
 Different types of inserts to enhance the heat
transfer rate
• Several types of inserts enhance heat transfer rate in
pipelines twisted tape inserts coiled wire inserts, Helical coil
inserts, mesh inserts, baffle inserts, Spiral fin inserts.

 Industries where in the heat transfer

through pipeline is required

• There are some industries where heat transfer through

pipeline is required oil and gas power chemical processing
power generation, Pulp and paper, textile Manufacturing
pharmaceuticals, Waste management, solar thermal systems.
  Current methods to transfer the heat:-
• Current methods to transfer heat include: conduction
convection, radiation, heat transfer in heat pipes, Active
heat transfer, passive heat transfer, Hybrid heat transfer,
Thermo electric heat transfer.

 The current problems encountered

regarding heat transfer in pipeline industry.
• In pipeline industries, Some current problems encountered
regarding heat transfer include fouling and scaling,
corrosion, energy efficiency, temperature control heat
exchanger performance material selection, flow assurance.
 Application
• Power plant
• Air conditioning
• Refrigeration
• Process industry
• Solar water heater
• Shell and tube heat exchanger
• Nuclear reactor
Review of Literature
S. No. Experiment/Title : Inserts used in Experiment:

1) Experimental study on convective heat transfer

in alternating elliptical axis tubes
Ji-An Meng et al. performed the experiment in
2003 on the convection inside a novel alternating
elliptical axis tube. The united correlations of heat
transfer and flow resistance for 500<Re<50000
are obtained. The values of Nusselt number for
laminar convection are consistent with the
Sieder-Tate correlation[21,23] and the deviation is
within 10%.

2) Experimental investigation of heat transfer and

friction characteristics in a circular tube fitted
with V-nozzle turbulators
S. Eiamsa-ard et .al done the experiment in 2006
in a circular tube fitted with V-nozzle turbulators.
Three different pitch ratios(PR) of V-nozzle are
used with PR=2,4 and 7 are found. The maximum
value of enhancement efficiency are
1.19,1.14,1.09,respectively.The mean heat
transfer rates are found to be 270%,236%
and216%,respectively
S.No. Experiment/Title Inserts used in Experiment:
3) Heat transfer characteristics in a tube fitted
with helical screw-tape with/without core-rod
inserts
Smith Eiamsa-ard et.al performed experiment
in 2006 in a tube fitted with helical screw-tape
with/without core-rod inserts. The heat
exchanger has the outer and the inner tube
diameters of 50mm and 25mm and 17mm with
the clearance to the tube wall. Reynolds number
in range of 2000 to 12000.

4) Experimental investigation of heat transfer and

flow friction in a circular tube fitted with
regularly spaced twisted tape elements
Smith Eiamsa-ard et al. done the experiment in
2006 on a circular tube fitted with regularly
spaced twisted space twisted tape elements.The
inner and outer diameters of the inner tube are
50.6 and 25.8mm and twisted tapes with
thickness of 1mm and the length of 1500mm.
The twisted tapes with two different twist
ratios(y=6 and 8).
S.No. Experiment/Title: Inserts used in Experiment:

5) Heat transfer behaviors in a tube with combined

conical-ring and twisted tape insert
P. Promvonge et.al performed the experiment in
2007 in a tube with combined conical-ring and
twisted-tape insert and the Reynolds number range
of 6000 to 26000.Two twisted-tapes of different
twist ratios, Y=3.75 and 7.5.A maximum heat
transfer heat rate of 367% and enhancement
efficiency is 1.96 is found for using conical –ring and
the twisted-tape of Y=3.75.

6) Turbulent heat transfer enhancement by

counter/co-swirling flow in a tube fitted with twin
twisted tapes
S Eiamsa-ard et.al done the experiment in 2009 . The
Twin counter twisted tapes are used as counter –swirl
flow generators and twin co-twisted tapes are used as
co-swirl flow generators. The twist ratio =
2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0 and Reynolds number range from3700
to 21,000. The maximum thermal enhancement is
1.39,1.24,1.12 and 1.03.
S.No. Experiment/Title Inserts used in Experiment:

7) Performance assessment in a heat exchanger

tube with alternate clockwise and counter
clockwise twisted tape inserts
Smith Eiamsa-ard et.al performed the experiment in
2009 in a heat exchanger tube with alternate
clockwise and counter- clockwise twisted –tape
inserts. Three twist ratios y/w=3,4,5 and each having
twist angles 30,60,90.The maximum heat transfer
enhancement indexes are 1.4,1.34,1.3. Nusselt
number and friction factor are within +15% and +15%
deviation. In C-CC tapes with twist angle 90 give the
mean enhancement index 9.3% and 2.2%.

8) Heat transfer enhancement in a tube using delta-

winglet twisted tape inserts
S. Eiamsa-ard et.al done the experiment in 2009 in a tube
using delta-winglet twisted tape inserts. The experiments
are conducted using tape with three twist
ratios(y/w=3,4,5) and three depth Of wing cut ratios
(DR=d/w=.11,.21,.32) over a Reynolds number range of
3000-27000 and the Nusselt
number, friction factor and thermal performance factor in
a tube are 1.04-1.64,1.09-1.95,and 1.05-1.13.The
predicted data are within+10% for Nusselt number and
friction factor +10%.
S.No. Experiment/Title Inserts used in Experiment:

9) Compound heat transfer enhancement of a dimpled

tube with a twisted tape swirl generator
Chinaruk Thianpong et .al performed the experiment in
2009 for heat enhancement of a dimpled tube with a
twisted tape swirl generator. Reynolds number are in
range of 12000 to 44000. The two dimpled tubes with
different pitch ratios of dimpled surfaces(PR=0.7 and 1.0)
and three twisted tapes with three different twist ratios
(y/w=3,5,7).The heat transfer rate and friction factor in a
dimpled tape are 1.66 to 3.03 and 5 to 6.31 times .

10) Friction and heat transfer characteristics of laminar

swirl flow through the round tubes inserted with
alternate clockwise and counter-clockwise twisted
tapes
K. Wongcharee et.al done the experiment in 2010 of laminar
swirl flow through the round tubes inserted with alternate
clockwise and counter- clockwise twisted –tapes for the
Reynolds number ranging from 830 to 1990 and the twisted
tapes with three different twist ratios (y/w=3,4,5) and the
maximum thermal performance factor of 5.25 is found. The
Nusselt number ,friction factor and thermal performance are
+8%,+5%,+8%.
S.No. Experiment/Title Inserts used in Experiment:

11) Turbulent heat transfer enhancement in a heat

exchanger using helically corrugated tube
S.Pethkool et.al performed the experiment in 2010 in a
heat exchanger using helically corrugated tube in which
pitch –to-diameter ratio (p/D=0.18,0.22,0.27) and rib –
height to diameter ratio (e/D=0.22,0.04,0.06) of helically
corrugated tube and range of turbulent flow of Reynolds
number from 5500 to 60,000. The mean increase in heat
transfer is between 123% and 232% and the maximum
thermal performance factor is 2.33.

12) Heat transfer enhancement by twisted tapes with

alternate axes and triangular, rectangular and
trapezoidal wings
Khwanchit Wongcharee et.al done the experiment in 2010 in
twisted tapes with alternate –axes and
triangular,rectangular and trapezoidal wings using twisted
tape with three different wing-chord ratios (d/W)of
0.1,0.2,0.3 and constant twist ratio (y/W) of 4.0.T he
maximum thermal performance factor is 1.42 and Reynolds
number of 5500 and heat transfer rate and friction factor are
2.84 and 8.02.
S.No. Experiment/Title Inserts used in Experiment:1
13) Experimental investigation of heat transfer and
turbulent flow friction in a tube fitted with perforated
conical-rings
V.Kongkaitpaiboon et.al performed the experiment in 2010 the
heat transfer and turbulent flow friction in a tube fitted with
perforated conical rings used are of three different pitch
ratios(PR=p/D=4,6,12) and three Different numbers of
perforated holes(N=4,6,8 holes). The range of Reynolds number
between 4000 and 20,000. The mean heat transfer rates are
found to be185%,
140%,86%. The maximum thermal performance factor is 0.92.

14) Experimental studies on a corrugated plate heat

exchanger for a small temperature difference
applications
M.Faizal et.al done the experiment in 2011 on a Corrugated plate
heat exchanger for small temperature difference applications on
a single corrugation pattern on 20 plates arranged Parallelly, with
a total heat transfer area of 1.16m*1.16m. The spacing between
the plates was varied(X=6mm,9mm,12mm).
The plate heat Exchanger with X=6mm is found to be appropriate
due to effective heat transfer and higher thermal length.
S.No. Experiment/title Inserts used in Experiment:
15) Effect of perforated twisted tapes with parallel
wings on heat transfer enhancement in a heat
exchanger tube
C. Thianpong et.al performed the experiment in 2011
perforated twisted – tapes with parallel Wings on heat
transfer in a heat transfer Exchanger tube in which
Reynolds number Between 5500 to 20500.The hole
diameter ratio (d/W=0.11,0.33,0.55) and wing depth
ratio(w/W=0.11,0.22,0.33) and the heat transfer
enhancement up to 208% and 190%. The Maximum
thermal performance factor is 1.32

16) A numerical study on heat transfer and friction

factor characteristics of laminar flow in a circular
tube fitted with centre-cleared twisted tape
Jian Guo et.al done the experiment in 2011 on heat
transfer and friction factor characteristics of laminar flow
in a circular tube fitted with center-cleared twisted tape
for good thermodynamic
Performance. The heat transfer can be even
Enhanced in the cases with a suitable central
Clearance ratio.The thermal performance factor of the
tube with center-cleared twisted tape can be enhanced
by 7-20% as compared with the tube with the
conventional twisted tape.
S.No. Experiment/Title Inserts used in Experiment:
17) Influence of non-uniform twisted tape on heat
transfer enhancement characteristics
Smith Eiamsa-ard et.al performed the experiment In 2012
on non uniform twisted tape on heat transfer
enhancement characteristics .The Fluctuation of the local
distribution Nusselt Number is seen with the use of
SL/SL,LS/LS,SL-LS,And LS/SL.SL/SL and SL-LS give higher
average Thermal
performance than the other tapes. The
Maximum thermal performance are found to be1.03 and
the Nusselt number around 36% higher than plain tube
and friction factor 3.57 times the plain tube.

18) Heat transfer enhancement in tube by inserting

uniform/non-uniform twisted tapes with alternate
axes; Effect of rotated axis length
S.Eiamsa-ard et .al performed the experiment in 2012 in
tube by inserting uniform /non-uniform twisted –tapes
with alternate axes .The alternate Length to twist length
ratio, l/y=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0. The range of Reynolds number
between 5000 And 21,500.The higher Nusselt numbers
were with the friction factor of 47%,38%,27%,15%
Compared to that generated by TT. At ratio
Of alternate length to twist length of l/y=0.5,
which gave the highest heat transfer rate as well as
maximum thermal performance factor.
S.No. Experiment Inserts used in Experiment:
19) Thermohydraulics of turbulent flow through heat
exchanger tubes fitted with circular rings and
twisted tapes
Smith.Eiamsa-ard et.al performed the experiment In 2013 on
turbulent flow through heat exchanger Tubes fitted with
circular rings and twisted tapes.Three different pitch
ratios(l/D=1.0,1.5and2.0) And the three different twist
ratios(y/W=3,4,5)
And the range of Reynolds number between
60000 and 20000.The increase of mean Nusselt
number,friction factor and thermal performance are
25.8%,82.8% and6.3%. The highest thermal performance
factor is found to be 1.42 at the lowest Reynolds
number,l/D=1.0 and y/W=3.0.

20) Heat transfer enhancement by multiple tape inserts

and Tio2/water nanofluid
Smith Eiamsa-ard et.al performed the experiment in 2014 heat
enhancement by multiple twisted tape inserts with a co-or
counter arrangements(e.g.,ST,Co-DTs,Co-QTs,Co-QTs,C-DTs,PC-
QTs,CC-QTs) and the range of Reynolds number 5400-15200 and
the Nusselt number in tubes with the C-DTs,Co-TTs,Co-QTs,PC-QTs
and
CC-QTs and CC-QTs are 97.4-151.4%,86.2-135.8%,
120.9-183.9%, 156.8-232.9%, 162.2-240% and 169-251.9% and
the thermal performance factors for Co-DTs,Co-TTs,Co-QTs,C-
DTs,PC-QTs and CC-QTs was found to be 0.99-1.22,1.06-1.38,1.18-
1.47,1.02-1.26,1.22-1.53, and 1.27-1.59.
S.No. Experiment Inserts used in Experiment:

21) Investigation of heat transfer enhancement by

perforated helical twisted-tapes
K.Nanan et.al done the experiment in 2014 of heat
enhancement by perforated helical twisted -tapes with
different perforation diameter ratios(d/w=0.2,0.4 and
0.6) and perforation pitch ratios (s/w=1.0,1.5 and 2.0)
and twist ratio y/w=3,Helical pitch ratio (P/D=2) and
range of Reynolds Number between 6000 and 20,000.
The maximum thermal performance factor is 1.28.The
Empirical correlations for Nusselt number,Friction factor
and thermal performance factor Give +4%,+6%,+3%.

22) Experimental investigation of heat transfer and

pressure drop in a circular tube with multiple
inserts
Chaitanya Vashistha et.al done the experiment in 2015
of heat transfer and pressure drop in a circular tube with
multiple inserts. The single,twin,four twisted tape
inserts having twist ratios Of 2.5,3,.3.5 and the Reynolds
number are in the Range of 4000 to14000.The multiple
twisted tapes having twist ratio is 2.5 and friction factor
Enhancement ratios are in range of 2.68-3.43 ,3.14-
4.14,4.30-5.34,5.22-6.18 and6.53-6.96.
The maximum value of thermo-hydraulic performance
factor is 1.26.
S.No. Experiment Inserts used in Experiment:

23) Application of heat transfer enhancement

technology in ICRF antenna
Qingxi Yang et.al performed the experiment in 2018 of
heat transfer in ICRF antenna .ICRF heating used in
tokamak devices such as ITER,WEST and EAST. ICRF
heating system provides 12MW power.
Faraday Shield(FS),as one of the key components. The
Total heating capability of EAST auxiliary heating
System approaches 34MW.The maximum heat flux
density on FS is about 0.68 MW/mm.

24) Numerical study on the heat transfer

enhancement of supercritical CO2 in vertical
ripped tubes
Zenan Yang et.al done the experiment in 2018 on the
heat transfer through supercritical carbondioxide in
vertical ribbed tubes. By the analysis of the buoyancy
Effects and convective heat transfer are weakened by
the rib-induced vortices. Field synergy analysis was also
performed to study the effects of rib configurations on
the flow field. Rib configurations can reduce the
influences of buoyancy force on the velocity
distribution .Appropriate increasing of rib height and
decreasing of rib pitch can lead to further heat transfer
enhancement.
S.No. Experiment Inserts used in Experiment:

25) Ultrasonic enhancement on heat transfer of

palmitic-stearic acid as PCM in unit by
experimental study

Nan Zhang et.al performed the experiment in 2018 on

heat transfer of palmitic –stearic acid as PCM in unit by
experimental study. The heating boundary condition of
the phase change material(PCM) is constant wall
temperature condition in this work. Heat
Transfer rate is increased by 10.64%,23.40% and 31.91%
at the ultrasonic power of 60W,105W and
150W for 20 min. The heat transfer rate of PA-SA is also
affected by the ultrasonic action time and action stage.

26) Enhancement of condensation heat transfer in

the presence of non-condensable gas using
steam jet method
Dae-Yun Ji et.al performed the experiment in 2018 in
heat transfer in the presence of non-condensable gas
Using steam jet method ,the maximum heat transfer
Enhancement ratio increased by at least 137% and the
average heat transfer enhancement ratio increased by at
least118%. The enhancement ratio of the steam jet
method becomes smaller when the NCG mass fraction is
small. Using the steam jet method by destroying the
NCG diffusion layer.
S.No. Experiment Inserts used in Experiment:
27) Pre-CHF boiling heat transfer performance on
tube bundles with or without enhanced surfaces
– a review
Shuai Ren et.al performed the experiment in 2019. A
review of heat transfer during pre CHF boiling over plain
and enhanced tube bundles which is significant to the
industrial design of shell and tube heat exchanger. The
heat transfer performance of boiling heat transfer on
enhanced tube bundles is dominated by enhanced
surface and the applied heat flux. The better way to
establish heat transfer coefficient correlations for bundle
boiling with enhanced surfaces.

28) Heat transfer enhancement associated with

electrostatic suppression of Leidenfrost droplets
Onur Ozkan et.al performed the experiment in 2019 of
heat transfer with electrostatic suppression of
Leidenfrost droplets. A liquid drop levitates on its own
vapor on hot surface. Application of an electrical
potential difference across the vapor gap suppresses the
Leidenfrost state via electrostastic attraction of liquid
towards the surface. Heat enhancement associated with
electrostastic suppression of the Leidenfrost state for
three fluids, at various applied voltages and superheats.
Electrostastic suppression of the Leidenfrost state can
enhance heat transfer by 4X for water.
S.No. Experiment Inserts used in Experiment:
29) Convective heat transfer enhancement of ionic
wind under variable air pressures
Jun Rong Lee et.al performed the experiment in 2020 in
heat transfer of ionic wind under variable air pressures. An
ionic wind generated from a cone to mesh configuration
was used. The highest power consumption was observed
for the negative ionic wind at the lowest air pressure. The
convective heat transfer showed a maximum achievable
enhancement of 17% over natural convection for both
positive and negative
Ionic wind. The optimum performance ,which is defined as
the heat transfer enhancement ratio over power
consumption of the ionic wind was found to be at 0.9 bar
for both positive and negative ionic wind.

30) Finding a low cost energy multi-DBD plasma

actuator for natural heat transfer enhancement in
a vertical duct
Hesam Moayedi et.al done the experiment in 2020 by using
muti-DBD plasma actuator for natural heat transfer in a
vertical duct. The enhancement ratio in the presence of the
DBD actuator reaches to about 2.75. The overall thermal
efficiency(OTE) as a parameter expressed to further clarify
the performance of plasma actuator system from the
perspective of energy consumption is defined as the rate of
the augmented heat transfer by the DBD actuator to the
actuation electric power consumption. The minimum
enhancement factor at the highest Rayleigh number is
equal to 1.40.
S.No. Experiment Inserts used in Experiment:

31) Thermal performance of a boiling and condensation

enhanced heat transfer tube—stepped lattice finned
tube
Hanping Chen et.al performed the experiment in 2020 of
heat transfer in stepped lattice finned tube. A stepped lattice
finned tube(SLFT) with two layers of fins produced on the
side wall of spiral grooves. The overall condensation and
boiling heat transfer coefficients of the SLFT are up to 8.1
times and 5.1 times that of the smooth tube. The SLFT with a
pitch of 0.66mm, a step height of 0.15mm and a width of
0.30mm. The average shell side condensation and boiling
heat transfer enhancement factor of SLFT increased by 13.5-
91.6% and 34-328%.

32) Review of interdisciplinary heat transfer

enhancement technology for nuclear reactor
Qi Lu et.al done the experiment in 2021 of heat transfer for
nuclear reactor. The thermal –hydraulic parameter bottleneck of
reactor core mainly include;
Power-flow ratio, limit quality, and CHF. The most methods to
increase the power-flow ratio is to increase
The contact area between fuel assembly and coolant. The CHF
can be effectively increased by suppressing the vapor phase
accumulation on the heating wall and promoting the rewetting
effect of heating wall. The structure innovation technology mainly
two categories; the micro-channel technology and the
longitudinal vortex technology improve the heat transfer
performance under the single-phase and two-phase conditions.
The steam generator is a key
energy transfer connecting the primary and secondary loop
systems of nuclear reactor.
 Research Plan
• Step 1: Course Work Industry
• Step 2: Literature • Step 6: Selection of
Review Suitable Method
• Step 3: Objective and • Step 7: Analysis
Finalizing the Topic • Step 8: Result
• Step 4: Work on the discussion
Topic • Step 9: Conclusion
• Step 5: Data • Step 10: Paper
Collection from Publication
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Journal of Technology ISSN: 10123407

Heat transfer performance of a liquefaction and steaming heat transfer using many inserts
Abhishek Singha, Mohan Guptab*,
a
United University, Rawatpur Jhalwa, Prayagraj, UP, India
b
United College of Engineering and Research, Naini, Prayagraj, UP, India

Abstract - Creating a tab duct with a very effective liquefaction as well as steaming hotness exchange improvement
is a difficult task. For accomplishing this, a stepped lattice finned tube (SLFT) is created along 2 surfaces of stumble
flippers generated adjacent partition of helix furrow on the duct plane. Experimental research on the SLFT’s
generally hotness exchange, outside edge, and duct edge hotness exchange production in liquefaction along
steaming states is done on flow velocities varying through 1 m/s to 3 m/s. A SLFT’s general liquefaction along
steaming hotness exchange measure is about 8.1 times along with 5.1 times, respectively, from plane duct. The
SLFT performs better in terms of liquefaction along with steaming than previous reported improved tubes. While
the SLFT along big slope, large footstep altitude, along with moderate breadth has higher steaming hotness
exchange improvement, the SLFT along moderate pitch, small footstep altitude, and small breadth has greater
liquefaction hotness exchange improvement.

Introduction - For crust along with duct hotness transfer for satisfying the demands for dense construction, the
integration of efficient cooling and heating is required [1, 2]. For example, hotness pumps and important wind
controlling systems must accomplish both efficient heating and cooling [3, 4]. The heat exchange tube must have a
high steaming along with liquefaction hotness exchange efficiency in order to integrate cooling along with warming
within hotness transfer device [5-7]. However, because of the fundamental differences between the improved heat
transfer designs for condensation and boiling, the presently obtainable increased hotness transfer ducts may single be
used in one situation. The plane permeable ducts along with tab duct are the major dissipation source. A type of
effective heat transfer duct along a lot of holes over the plane acting whereas vaporization base to enhance steaming
hotness exchange production is called a plane permeable duct. Plane permeable ducts are classified as molded
permeable ducts [11–13], blaze-sprinkle permeable ducts [14–15], enamel permeable ducts [16–18], spontaneously
refined permeable ducts [16–16], spontaneously eroded permeable ducts [17–18], and so on, based on various
processing techniques. Finned tubes, like that summate tab ducts along with twice increased ducts [19–20], are
another type of improved steaming hotness exchange ducts that may increase steaming hotness exchange
coefficients by 3–5 times compared to plane ducts. Although, the above-mentioned dissipation ducts are sole suited
as a one only steaming hotness exchange state, along with their liquefaction production is much inferior to such
During used in a condensation environment, condensation tubes. The cause is such an evaporation tab duct along
with surface porous duct possess strong hydroph0bic, that do cause condensate film through accumulate in the
condensation state.
The two major enhanced condensation heat transfer tubes may enlarge the hotness exchange region along with
narrow the distillation mist: integral finned tubes and anisotropic enhanced ducts. The tab ducts with the highest
liquefaction hotness exchange measures comprise mostly C-form tab ducts, jagged tab ducts, sepal tab ducts,
boundary-form tab ducts, along with others. The performance of heat transmission inside and outside the tube may
be improved by using typical anisotropic ally intensify ducts including helix furrow ducts [25, 26], curl horizontal
ducts [27], along with fluted ducts [28]. The anisotropic enhanced tubes provide a greater pressure drop and are
more challenging to fabricate. Additionally, because integrated finned tubes and anisotropic improved tubes cannot
supply a high enough number of boiling nucleation sites, the boiling performance of the condensation tubes is
significantly worse compared to such about distillation ducts during concern through the steaming situation.
Therefore, present heat exchanger combined refrigerating and heating cannot be accomplished with the presently
attained improved hotness transfer ducts. Therefore, this is critical through grow an improved hotness exchange duct
along magnificent hotness exchange improvement production below the two steaming along with liquefaction states
to productively enhance the freezing along with warming production dongle hotness exchangers, like that hotness
pumps along with chief wind governing parts.
The goal of this effort is to create a brand-new, three-dimensional tab duct can significantly improve steaming
along with liquefaction heat transfer. The innovative three-dimensional finned tube's overall heat transfer
performance, as well as the crust edge along with duct edge hotness exchange production, is experimentally
evaluated under condensation and boiling circumstances. Additionally, the effect of fin characteristics on
liquefaction along with steaming hotness exchange is looked at, along with the processes enhancing corresponding
heat transmission are examined. The performances of heat transmission joining the novel rounded tab duct along
with further previously announce an improved duct is also compared.

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Sketch along with description of intensify form - Generally, the needs for liquefaction along with steaming
improved structure are in conflict. Although the improved form for steaming tube must possess strong porosity,
more nucleation sites, along with the ability to aid the departure of bubbles, the intensify form of a liquefaction duct
is needed to-be timid along with can encourage diminishing along with disconnecting of the distillation layer [29].
Therefore, balancing the issue to attain big liquefy capability along with big steaming capability is the major
challenge in the design of improved structures for liquefaction along with steaming hotness exchange. According to
studies, a low- finned tube is a straight forward yet efficient liquefaction duct [30, 31]; along with a curl construction
can lessen the buildup of distillation layer. Besides, a low-fin helix arrangement with a high density might encourage
the production of boiling bubbles. As a result, the increased condensation and boiling heat transfer tube uses the
thick helix small flippers as illustrated in Fig. 1(a) as its fundamental construction. The hollow furrow can also raise
bonding along with encourage bubble development. Therefore, as illustrated in Fig. 1, the concave groove should
be coupled with the dense spiral low fins (a). However, the helix small flipper’s side walls are uniform along with
plane that is bad as the distillation mist's ability to spread out and leads to distillation mist collection around roots
of the flippers. While is well known, irregular point form can disrupt the progression about distillation layer,
causing the mist to thin.

Fig.1. Sketch method about stepped lattice finned tube: (a) chief form of SLFT; (b) serrated flippers; (c) stumble
along with stepped lattice flippers; (d) factional sight of SLFT

As seen in Diagram. 1, a layer of inter-mittent serrated flippers must attach into the spiral low fins' edge
partition (b). In addition, the intermittent toothed flippers can, to a certain extent, improve the heat transmission
surface and produce more boiling cores. However, it is insufficient to improve heat transfer during boiling. To
further improve the boiling heat transmission, a second surface for staggered irregular serrated flippers is attach
through edge partition, as illustrated on Diagram.1(c). The side walls' multi surfaces as for interspersed serrated
flippers, which are positioned at various heights, interdigitate to create a porous structure. There are upper and
lower sections to the spiral fins' slot. Additionally, the rig-lock bottom flipper notch creates a hollow medium along
with joined to the open top flipper notch by margin ditch, which should facilitate the working fluid's flow. Stepped
lattice finned tubes are this type of improved heat exchange duct along mentioned flippers construction (SLFT).
Additionally, while the exterior and inner structures of the heat exchange tube affect the overall thermal
resistance, the tube's interior structure should be improved. As a result, a parallelogram lace furrow construction is
used within a duct, as illustrated in Fig. 1(d), for reaching excellent hotness exchange capability and small
constraint

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fall.

Description about SLFT - Slope of the helical fin, stride altitude, along with breadth for hoofed flippers are the
primary distinctive characteristics of the SLFT, as seen in Diagram. 1(c) along with (d). By using a creative,
automatic enlarged hilly harrowing integration instrument, the SLFT is effectively constructed. Copper tube
measuring 2500 mm in length, 19 mm in outer diameter, and 1.15 mm in thickness serves as the SLFT's base tube.
Slope of the helical fin, stride altitude, along with breadth for hoofed flippers are the primary
distinctive
characteristics of the SLFT, as seen in Diagram. 1(c) along with (d). By using a creative, automatic enlarged hilly
harrowing integration instrument, the SLFT is effectively constructed. Copper tube measuring 2500 mm in
length, 19 mm in outer diameter, and 1.15 mm in thickness serves as the SLFT's base tube.
The form for hoofed grid tab duct produced at automatic enlarged hilly harrowing integration instrument
describe on Fig. 2. This is also shown through Diagram 2 (b), (c) such that for multi surface hoofed flippers
display.

Diagram.2 . The form about stepped lattice finned tube: (a) illusion picture; (b) and (c) stumble along
with stepped lattice flipper; (d) internal flipper.

The grid such as allotment, subsequent over notch betwixt tendril flippers actually split within. As a result, the
SLFT’s efficient hotness transmission region has significantly enhanced. Dense spiral low fins' design specifications
are comparable with the helical fin's height of 1 mm along with slope area from 0.61-0.71 mm. In the fin slot, there
are two layers of fins that are sporadically stepped and have different heights, as illustrated in Fig. 2. (B). at edge
partition of spiral flippers, two layers of stepped flippers are distributed crisscrossing ahead encircling route.
Additionally, stepped flippers endure rough surfaces and pointed end. Additionally, the top stepped flippers are
retained by specific space for providing margin ditch while bottom stepped flippers always touch by one
another with identical flipper notch, giving flippers overall lattice-like distribution, as seen in Fig. 2. (c). The
bottom portion of the fin slot is transformed into a partially closed chamber below detachment about hoofed
flippers, and the holes made betwixt stepped flippers link top along with bottom notches. The bowers work
together to create a spiral channel that allows the liquid to flow more freely. Additionally, the channel's concave
bottom helps designers realize their intention to increase surface tension. Enhancing the boiling and condensation
heat transfer processes requires both the channel and the perforations. The internal thread structure of the inner
fins, which has a trapezoidal shape and a height of 0.35 mm, is seen in Fig. 2(d). In general, the design idea is
accomplished and the SLFT's actual structure is quite consistent with the design objective. In the current work, the
thermal production about 7 stepped lattice finned tube along various parameter values, while indicated over figure
1, is investigated.

3. Exploratory methodology

1.1. Trial system - The trial setup for the SLFT's boiling and condensation performance is schematically shown in
Fig. 3. The experimental setup mainly hold coolant loop, warming loop along with chilling loop. The main

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component for test setup was the refrigerant circuit, which was made up of a preheated along with a diffuser. As
hotness transfer duct, SLFTs either flat duct is inserted over preheated along with diffuser. The test tubes'
essential dimension is two thousand five hundred mm, which ensures such crucial part is sufficiently long to
guarantee that the flow created in the tube is completely developed. 7 SLFTs along various constructional
frameworks, while stated over figure 1, are examined only at a time together with a smooth tube. The smooth
tube is designated ST, while 7 tab ducts are designated FT-1, FT-2 through FT-7.

1.2. List 1
Construction frameworks for stepped lattice finned tube on current work
Duct F/A (millimeter) Change in height Width
(millimeter)
(millimeter)
SLFT-1 0.66 0.10 0.33

SLFT-2 0.66 0.10 0.30

SLFT-3 0.66 0.10 0.27

SLFT-4 0.66 0.15 0.27

SLFT-5 0.66 0.20 0.27

SLFT-6 0.61 0.15 0.27

SLFT-7 0.71 0.15 0.27

3.2 Test operation - In order to achieve a proper sealing state, nitrogen is packed into the test system at a pressure
of 10 Mpa and held there for 24 hours prior to completing the tests. The experiment method is then vacuumed into
pressure about thirty Pascal along with held there as 360 minutes. Impurity gases have to be excluded in this stage.
The R134a refrigerant is then put into the evaporator until it has filled two-thirds of its capacity. The exam can be
performed once the aforementioned tasks have been completed.
According to diagram 3, humid aqua from the humid aqua container along an integrated warmer is pushed
into its evaporators heat exchange tubes. The coolant is then warmed with these humid aqua turns towards vapor at
definite pressure along with temperature. When these vapors enter the condenser's shell side, the cooling circuit's
cold water will help it condense. Gravity causes the condensate to descend into the evaporator as a
subsequent
running rotation. A humid aqua along with chill aqua both return at once into humid/cold aqua container as
subsequent rotation. Every duct is trial independently, with either steaming along with liquefaction hotness
exchange
capabilities being evaluated on an hours, to assure precision along with strength about experiment findings. The
water's temperature and flow rate are controlled during the condensation tests to keep the concentration inversion
about Refrigeration134a on forty degree Celsius, and this condenser’s vapors pressure is around 1016 kPa. The cold
water's input temperature is kept constant on thirty degree Celsius. Over its steaming test, its concentration
inversion
about Refrigeration134a is kept on six degree Celsius by regulating its water's inversion along with flow rate, and
its evaporator's vapour pressure is around 362 kPa. The hot water is kept at a constant inlet temperature of 12 °C.
Rota
meters are used to measure the flow velocities, and their accuracy is 0.5%. A constraint sender along a precision
about 1% is familiar with monitor its pressures in these condenser and evaporator, and dissimilar constraint sender
along a precision about 0.5 percentage given for calculating constraint fall within its tab duct. Later computed, a k-
kind thermal junction along a precision about 0.1 degree Celsius calculated the entry along with exit inversion
for
warm along with chill aqua its steam inversion on diffuser along with preheated. During its concentration inversion
for steam changes in 0.1 degree Celsius ends in ten minute, exploratory value is taken each thirty seconds along
with
10 set as its record is taken. Totally inversion along with constraint record is transmitted into data logger along with
manufactured with laptop. Every test is replicated 3 times along with calculus mean is assumed on last output. For
lowering hotness drop, every component for trial method thermal non- conducted used by non-conduction fiber.

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1-laptop 2-data logger 3-hot water tank 4-water jet 5-nozzle 6- rotameter 7-dissimilar constraint sender 8-
evaporator 9-condenser 10-finned tube 11-coldwater tank 12-filter

Diagram 3. Illustrative figure for distillation along with liquefaction hotness exchange production.
Exploratory system.

Is further inside turbulence condition. Its hotness remove from chill aqua inside diffuser are estimated with hotness
exchange measures I n which inside inversion for chill aqua along with outside inversion for chill aqua occurs,
capacity run celerity for chill aqua also consider with massiveness for chill aqua is also be given below liquefaction
state along with steaming run value for chill aqua is also be estimated. Its main aim is to find total hotness exchange
measures with the help of these parameters to attain maximum output along with maximum efficiency for chill aqua
.This is the process in which steaming along with liquefaction is also considered with all the possible outcomes of
this method along with less amount of hotness occur so that maximum outcomes occurs without any particular
problem in this given system of hotness exchange production measures below steaming along with liquefaction.

3.3 Data Analysis

(1) Steaming state - This heated the water in its tube side and its refrigerant in the crust edge under a
countercurrent situation. The quantity of heat that is submerged by warm water within its heated with:

𝑄ℎ = 𝑞𝑣ℎ 𝜌ℎ 𝑐𝑝,ℎ (𝑇i,ℎ −

(1)

𝑇 o,ℎ) qvh is the hot water flow volume velocity, Ti,h and To,h are the hot water's inlet and outlet temperatures, and
where
h and cp,h are the hot water's density and specific heat, respectively. Consequently, the overall heat transfer
coefficient under the situation of a boiling pool is determined as:

Q
𝑈𝑏 =Æ𝑜𝑇∆ℎ𝑚 (2)
ℎ

Where ∆𝑇𝑚 is the logarithmic mean temperature, Ao is the nominal heat transfer of the tube.

𝐴o = 𝜋𝑑o𝐿
(3)

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∆𝑚 = 𝑇𝑇i,ℎ−
𝑠 𝑎 t𝑇
− 𝑜,ℎ
𝑇 𝑜,

𝑇ℎ
(4)
ℎ
𝑙𝑛𝑇 𝑠 𝑎 t − 𝑇
i,
ℎ
(2) Liquefaction state – The refrigerant in the shell side and the cold water in the tube side are both in a
countercurrent state. The heat removed by the condenser's cold water is calculated using:

𝑄𝑐 = 𝑞𝑣𝑐 𝜌𝑐 𝑐𝑝 ,𝑐 (𝑇i ,𝑐 −
(5)

𝑇o,𝑐
where ) is the cold water flow volume velocity, Ti,c and To,c are the cold water's intake and outlet temperatures,
qvc
and h and cp,c are the cold water's density and specific heat, respectively. Consequently, the total heat transfer
coefficient in the case of condensation is determined as:

Q
𝑈𝑐 =Æ𝑜 ΔT𝑐𝑚 (6)

∆𝑚 =
𝑐
𝑇𝑇𝑜,𝑐− 𝑇𝑇i,𝑐
i,
𝑇𝑐
𝑠𝑎t− (7)
𝑐
𝑙𝑛𝑇 𝑠𝑎t− 𝑇 𝑜 ,
𝑐
The heat flux is calculated as follows:

𝑞 = Q
Æ
(8) 𝑜
The following chart shows the link between the heat transfer coefficient inside and outside of the tube and the
overall heat transfer coefficient:
1
= 1
+ Æ𝑜
+ 𝑅w
𝑈 ℎ𝑜 Æi ℎ i
(9)

Since the SLFT is a double enhanced tube, the tube side heat transfer coefficient (hi) should be calculated by the following

ℎi = 𝑆𝑇𝐶i 𝑅e 3 𝜇 0.1
formula.
k 1
0.
𝑃𝑟 ( 8 ) 𝜇w 4
(10)
i
𝑑
Where STCi coefficient should be obtained by Wilson plot technique. The uncertainty of the overall heat transfer coefficint can
be defined as:

)𝑚 ] 2
ð𝑈
𝑈 = [(QðQ)2 + (ðÆ)2 + ( ð𝑇(11)
Æ
1/2 𝑇𝑚
The measurement of error of L and d is 1 mm. Hence the maximum in certainty of the boiling and condensation heat
transfer coefficient in this work are 6.3% and 5.4% respectively.

3.4 Verification of experimental setup -

By contrasting the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients obtained from the experiments using the smooth tube
with the findings from the usual correlations, the validity of the experimental setup is demonstrated in this study. Th
e condensation heat transfer coefficient (hoc) on the single smooth tube may be computed using Eq. because the flo
w condition of the condensate layer of the saturation refrigerant vapour outside the smooth tube is laminar (12)
1/4
𝜌 2 g𝛾R
ℎo𝑐 = 0.725𝜇 𝑙[𝑑3𝑜(𝑙𝑇𝑠𝑎t𝑙−𝑇 w )
(12)
] 0
Where 𝜌l is the liquid density of the refrigerant, g is the gravitational acceleration, 𝛾 is the refrigerant latent heat of vaporization,
𝜆l and 𝜇l are the liquid thermal conductivity and viscosity of the refrigerant, Tw is the wall temperature.

The boiling heat transfer coefficient of the horizontal tube hob is calculated as Eq. (13).

ℎo𝑏 = � (13)

𝑚
90𝑞=0.67
0.12 − 𝑃𝑚 (−𝑙𝑔𝑃 )0.55
�

𝑀−0.5
0.2𝑙𝑔𝑅𝑝
𝑅
(14)

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Where M is the molecular weight of the refrigerant, PR is the ratio of working fluid pressure to critical pressure and Rp is the
surface roughness of the tube. The Nusselt number in the tube is calculated according to the equation of Dittus-Boelter
as Eq (15).

𝑁𝑢 𝑡ℎ = 0.023𝑅e 0.8𝑃𝑟𝑛

(15)

Comparisons of the condensation and boiling heat transfer coefficients obtained from experiments outside the
smooth tube with the theoretical calculation results are shown in Fig. 4, respectively. The results show that
data obtained from the validation experiments are in good agreement with those obtained from the
correlations, and the deviation are within 3.0% and 5.5% for the condensation and boiling heat transfer
coefficients, respectively. Hence the experimental results are guaranteed.

4. Consequences along with analysis

1. Total thermal performance for SLFT – The total condensation and boiling heat transfer coefficients of SLFTs
with varying pitch (P), step height (H), and width (w) at various water flow velocities (V) inside the tube are
shown in Figs. 5 and 6. According to Figs. 5 and 6, when the water flow velocity inside the SLFT rises, so do
the total condensation heat transfer coefficients (Uc) and overall boiling heat transfer coefficients (Ub).
Furthermore, independent of P, (H), and w, the total heat transfer coefficients of the SLFTs under condensation
and boiling conditions are much higher than those of the smooth tube. It shows that the SLFT can overcome
the limitations of conventional improved tubes and significantly improve both condensation and boiling heat
transfer. Fig. 5(a) shows the heat Ii Diagram5(c), the Uc falls due to rise in flipper breadth. While, Uc for 3 HGRDs conserves
very good status nevertheless for flipper breadth with 7.1–8.1 times for plane duct along with run celerity 3
meter/second. Separately, Ub for HGRD along flipper breadth 0.30 millimeter compare finer from another 2 HGRDs along
breadth 0.33 millimeter.

Along with 0.27 millimeter given at Diagram 6(c). Its output give Ub for HGRD along width is equal to0.30 millimeter that found
3.7 to 4.3times for plane duct. Comparatively, Ub for HGRD along width is equal to 0.33 millimeter along with 0.27
millimeter is found 3.2–3.6 times along with 3.3–4.2 times for plane duct, individually. While, HGRD along
slope about 0.66 millimeter, hoof altitude about 0.10 millimeter along with breadth is about0.27 millimeter
contain good total liquefaction hotness exchange improvement, although HGRD along slope near about 0.71
millimeter, hoof altitude 0.20 millimeter along with breadth 0.30 millimeter consists good steaming hotness
3000
exchange improvement. 4500
4000
2500
3500
2000 3000
hoc (W/m²K)

1500 hoc (W/m²K) 2500

2000
1000 1500
500 1000
500
0 0
1 2 3 4 5
ΔT
q (W/m²)
(℃)
Experimental correlation Copper correlation2 Experimental

(a) C o n d e n sa t i o n c o n d i t i o n ( b) Boiling
cond i t io n

Diagram.4. Connection for hotness exchange measures outer its plane duct along this relation

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Smooth tube P=0.71 mm

P=0.61 mm p=0.66 mm
13000

11000

9000

UC(W/M²K)
7000

5000

3000

1000
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
V (M/S)

(a) Pitch

smooth tube ΔH=0.20 mm smooth tube w=0.33 mm

ΔH=0.15 ΔH=0.10 w=0.30 mm w=0.27
14000 mm mm 14000 mm
12000 12000
10000 10000
UC(W/M²K)

UC (W/M²K)
8000 8000
6000 6000
4000 4000
2000 2000
0 0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

V(M/S) V (M/S)

(b) Step height (c) Width

Diagram.5 . Difference for total liquefaction hotness exchange measures compared to aqua run celerity of
SLFT along dissimilar systemic criterion.

As a result, the SLFT enhances heat transmission well in steaming along with liquefaction situations. This following
could consider its cause: I this working media may be heated constantly to generate bubbles and swiftly exit
thanks to the four-sided hot environment created by the channel created by the bottom slots of the SLFT.
Additionally, the stepped fins' clearance holes generate mediums linking higher along with bottom flipper place and
offer a lot of nucleation sites, making it easier for bubbles to escape and for surrounding subfreezing aqua to enter
this channels.
(ii) This hoofed flippers efficiently narrow its distillation layer along with encourage this separating through this
duct, while these holes bridging the bottom and higher flipper places may provide funicular effort for enhancing its
distillation run. (iii) Although this pointed border for flippers may shatter distillation through liquefaction, this
irregular plane for hoofed flippers may offer extra working crystallization area as steaming hotness exchange. (iv)
This tube's trapezoidal thread fins increase the heat transmission portion along with dislodge this liquid partition
surface, which can improve diffusive hotness exchange. (v) This shell side heat transfer area is significantly
increased by the stepped lattice fins. Furthermore, although tiny slope along with flipper breadth never favorable
for partition consider for steaming illusion, medium slope, short hoof altitude, along with short breadth is transmit
large amount to its run along with thin- ning of distillation sheet. Additionally, a smaller step height and a wider
fin might result
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in fewer boiling nucleate sites. As a result, the SLFT with a reasonable pitch, step height, and breadth may strike an
ideal balance between the performances of liquefaction along with steaming hotness transmission. Diagram 7, 8
indicates this difference in crust edge.

Liquefaction along with steaming hotness exchange measures for SLFTs along different slope, hoof
altitude along with width in various thermal flow. This is evident in Diagram. 7 shows, contrary to its feature of
conventional hotness exchange tubes, the crust edge liquefaction hotness exchange measures either moderately rise
either stay steady when the thermal flow rises. Due to the buildup of condensate, the crust edge hotness exchange
measures for conventional liquefaction hotness exchange ducts drop as thermal flow increases. This suggests that
when the heat flux rises, the SLFT may successfully avoid distillation from building up. The concave channel,
clearance holes, and stepped fins are to blame. Between 2 surfaces for hoofed flippers with different altitude
efficiently raise physical phenomenon along with break up its constancy for distillation sheet, who encourages this
condensate to expand. Additionally, a passageway is provided by the helical concave channel, which also acts as a
diffusive effort generator for creating auxiliary run. Although the consequence, this condensate film’s width thin
out quickly and effectively. Additionally, the condensate flow through its higher place towards bottom place may
be aided by the allowance ditch separating its higher along with bottom places. As a result, its distillation may be
promptly detached from the tube, preventing condensate buildup. The SLFT along slope equal to 0.66 millimeter
displays higher hoc compare SLFTs along slopes equal to 0.66 millimeter along with 0.71 millimeter as seen at
Diagram. 7(a), who is consistent with its trends exhibited in Fig. 5(a). This shows slope having 0.66 millimeter is
high favorable to run along with disunion for distillation. According to Diagram 8(a), this crust edge steaming
hotness exchange measures for SLFTs along various slopes exhibit a variety of patterns as heat flux increases. As
the heat flux rises, the hob for SLFT along slope
0.71 millimeter grows sameness, but it reverses for the SLFT having slope 0.61 millimeter along with 0.66
millimeter.
Expressly, its hob for SLFT having slope 0.61 millimeter along with 0.66 millimeter attains top rate with thermal flow
for27000 to 30000 Watts per meter square. Given this the tiny slope is unfavorable to disunion its illusions and
worsens the boiling heat transfer process, that suggests SLFTs having slope 0.61 millimeter along with 0.66
millimeter hit thermal flow end early. Additionally, SLFT with a slope of 0.71 mm operates better under high heat
flux situations due to its greater heat flux limit.

The SLFT with a 0.10 mm step height is shown in Diagram. 7(b) along with 8(b) have good crust edge hotness
exchange measure through liquefaction while bottom crust edge hotness exchange measure through steaming. That
phenomena result from the fact that increased structural requirements about liquefaction along with steaming
hotness transmission is very dissimilar. This rationale is because when its step height decreases; the holes created
by stepped fins grow smaller, resulting in a stronger capillary force to encourage condensate movement. Larger
stepped fins, on the other hand, have more rough edges and dimples, which can produce more nucleate points.
Additionally, the boiling bubbles' ability to escape will be constrained when hoof altitude decreases. This
promotion about steaming heat transmission is therefore more conducive to a greater step height. The hoc also
lowers with increasing thermal flow height = 0.10 millimeter, as shown in Fig. 7(b), and somewhat rises with
increasing thermal flow if height =
0.15 millimeter along with 0.20 millimeter. Due to this fact when its heat flux is high, the condensates totally
submerge the stepped fins, which reduce the capillary force's effectiveness. But that point, its influence for hoofed
flippers augmentation in condensate trouble starts to matter. While a result, as heat flux increases, the hoc of the
SLFT with big step height also somewhat rises.
As observed in Fig. 8(b), the hob of SLFTs with various step heights exhibits a completely distinct pattern as
heat flux increases. And because the pitches are all 0.66 mm, the steaming thermal flow restriction is
approximately
30,000 Watts per meter square, which is consistent with the Fig. 8 finding (a).
The SLFT having a small w produces higher hoc, as illustrated in Fig. 7(c), because to the increased surface
tension and capillary force that is produced. And the hoc remains constant when the heat flux rises to between
30,000 and 70,000 W/m2. However, as can be observed in Fig. 8, the SLFT having flipper breadth about 0.30
millimeter exhibits excellent hob (c). The following are the causes: I As w grows, fewer hoofed grid flippers by
given portion are produced, which reduces the number of nucleate sites. Additionally, when w increases, the area
available for heat transmission diminishes. As a result, the hob of SLFT with a 0.33 millimeter fin width is lesser
compare to SLFT having a 0.30 mm flipper breadth. (ii) The 0.27 mm wide SLFT features tiny clearance holes,
which prevent bubbles from escaping. The SLFT with a 0.27 mm fin width thus exhibits unsatisfactory heat
exchange production below steaming conditions, particularly below big thermal flow. Therefore, a reasonable fin
width should be used in order to provide great overall heat transmission performance.
4.3 Thermal-hydro mechanical feature for duct edge - The duct edge hotness exchange measure for SLFTs is
significantly higher compare to plane duct in liquefaction along with steaming states, as can be observed in Fig. 9.
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The tube12
side condensation heat transfer coefficient (h ) along with duct edge steaming hotness exchange measure (h ) for SLFTs is PAGE
ISSUE 4, 2024 NO:924
ic ib
Journal of Technology ISSN: 10123407

increase the surface available for heat transmission and encourage turbulence inside the tube, which is why. Due to
this share the identical inner string shape characteristics, this hic along with hib for SLFT-1 through SLFT-7 are
essentially identical. The improvement inside the tube is increasingly obvious through aqua run celerity rises.
Another hand, as can be shown from Fig. 10, the constraint fall in SLFTs is 1.5–1.9 times greater than plane duct.
The thread grooves' increased fluid-to-tube-wall contact area and promotion of turbulence intensity are the cause.
As a result, the fluids internal flow resistance rises, increasing the pressure drop. The production assessment
criteria rates within SLFTs is, however, individually 2.48 to 2.79 along with 2.11to2.36 times compare to plane
duct below liquefaction along with steaming conditions, as can be observed in Fig. 11. As a result, the internal
thread structure and stepped lattice fins allow the tab duct for accomplishing collegial hotness exchange increase.

4.4 Analogy from preceding task - Differentiation for SLFT along with numerous more improved ducts is done in
order to gain a deeper knowledge of the liquefaction along with boiling hotness exchange improvement for SLFT.
These findings are displayed in Tables 2 and 3. The SLFT's total liquefaction hotness exchange measure along with
crust edge liquefaction hotness exchange measure is higher compare to boundary-form tab ducts [24], sepal-form tab
duct [23], intrinsic-flipper tubes [32], increased tubes with 3Dimension irregularity [33], along with 3Dimension tab
ducts [34] for given area for thermal flow. That mean crust edge liquefaction hotness exchange improvement element
for SLFT increased with 27.7 percentages, 84.0 percentages, 82.1 percentages, 91.6 percentages, along with 13.5
percentages, individually, when compared to above condensation tube. The SLFTs staggered stepped fins may
efficiently increase the flow and thinning of condensate, which is why. The mean crust edge steaming hotness
exchange improvement part increases with 34 percentage, 328 percentage, 328 percentage, along with 87 percentage,
individually, when differentiate along twice increased duct [35], tangled duct along assembled permeable layer [36],
improved duct dregs along unlocked-unit metal spray [12], along with dissipation hoofed duct[37]. Due to this fact
that the hoofed grid flippers offer large number for steaming rainmaking tips that decrease flipper places created with
individual hoofed flippers successfully promote bubble production along with desertion, boiling heat transfer is
made possible. The total steaming hotness exchange production for SLFT more 2.5 times greater compare to dregs
permeable layer duct, despite the fact that the crust edge steaming hotness exchange production for SLFT is
percentage less. Since there are several boiling nucleate locations provided by the stepped lattice fins and the less
flipper places created with individual hoofed flippers efficiently promote bubble production and escape, the boiling
heat transmission is promoted. Even though the SLFT's crust edge steaming hotness exchange production is 8
percentages worse compare to dregs permeable layer ducts, its total steaming hotness exchange production for SLFT
is 2.5 times higher.

12000 12000
10000 10000
8000 8000

Ub(w/m²K)
Ub(w/m²K)

6000 6000

4000 4000

2000 2000
0
0
1 2 3 1 1.5 3
2.5
1.5 2
2.5
v(m/s) V (m/s)
smooth tube p=0.61 mm smooth tube
(a) Pitch ΔH=0.20 mm (b) Step height
p=0.66 mm p=0.71 mm ΔH=0.15 mm
ΔH=0.10 mm

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Journal of Technology ISSN: 10123407

10000
8000

Ub(w/m²K)
6000

4000

2000

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3

V (m/s)

smooth tube W=0.33 mm

W=0.30 mm W=0.27
mm
(c) Width

Fig. 6. Variation for total steaming hotness exchange measures compared to aqua run celerity of
SLFT having various constructional frameworks.

20000 30000
18000
16000 25000
14000
hoc(W / m²K)

20000
12000

hoc(W / m²K)
10000 15000
8000
10000
6000
4000 5000
2000
0 0

q (w/m²) q (w/m²)
Smooth tube
Smooth tube p=61 mm p=66 mm p=71 ΔH=0.20
mm mm
ΔH=0.15 mm
(a) Pitch (b) Step height

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Journal of Technology ISSN: 10123407

30000

25000

20000

hoc(W / m²K)
15000

10000

5000

0
30000 to
35000 to
40000 to
45000 to
50000 to
55000 to
60000 to
65000 to
35000 (c) Width

Diagram7
40000 . Deviation for crust edge liquefaction hotness exchange measures compare
to thermal flow q of SLFT having various constructional frameworks.
45000

50000

30000 55000 40000

25000 35000
30000

hob(W / m²K)
hob(W / m²K)

60000
20000 25000
15000 65000 20000
15000
10000 10000
70000
5000 5000
q (w/m² 0
0

Smooth tube
W=0.33 mm
W=0.30 mm
W=0.27 mm
q (W/m²) q (W/m²)
Smooth tube ΔH=0.20 mm
Smooth tube p=61 mm p=66 mm p=71 mm ΔH=0.15 ΔH=0.10
mm mm
(a) Pitch (b) Step height

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Journal of Technology ISSN: 10123407

25000
20000

hob(W / m²K)
15000
10000
5000
0
1
8
0
0
0

2
1
0
0 (c) Width
0
Diagram. 8. Deviation for crust edge steaming hotness exchange measures compare to thermal flux q of SLFT
2having various constructional frameworks.
4
0
Conclusions
0
(1) The SLFT design overcomes the 0
constraint that conventional liquefaction either steaming improved ducts are
suited as a particular operating state by having good improved liquefaction along with enhanced steaming
hotness transmission. This SLFT's
2 total liquefaction along with steaming hotness exchange measures is near
about 8.1 times along with 5.1 7time, respectively, greater than those of the smooth tube
(2) While the SLFT with big slope, 0 large hoofed altitude, along with moderate breadth has superior boiling
hotness 0
exchange production, this SLFT 0 having moderate slope, small hoofed altitude, along with small breadth has
higher condensation hotness exchange production .Hence, this SLFT having slope of0.66 millimeter, hoofed
3 with breadth having 0.30 millimeter contain maximum stability joining
altitude of 0.15 millimeter along
0 hotness exchange production.
liquefaction along with steaming
(3) This stepped lattice fins of 0the SLFT enable condensate to flow and separate from the tube while
simultaneously 0
0 separate tips that facilitate its formation along with distraction for steaming
offering a significant number of
illusions. This property of SLFT allows it to improve liquefaction along with steaming hotness exchange. This
convective hotness transmission3 in the tube may also be efficiently improved by the trapezoidal thread inner
3
fin.
0
(4) The average shell side condensation and boiling heat transfer enhancement factors of the SLFT raised by 13.5-
0
91.6% and 34-328%, respectively,
0
in comparison to previous reported improved ducts.

3
6
0
0
0

3
9
0
0
0
to to
to to
to to
to to 21000 24000 27000
30000 33000 36000 39000 42000
q (W/m²)

Smooth tube W=0.33 mm W=0.30 mm

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smooth tube smooth tube SLFT-1

SLFT-1 SLFT-2 SLFT-3
SLFT-2
SLFT-3 SLFT-4 SLFT-5
SLFT-4 SLFT-6 SLFT-7
SLFT-5
40000 25000

35000
30000 20000

HIB (W/M²K)
HIC (W/M²K)
25000 15000

20000
15000 10000
10000
5000
5000
0 0
1 1. 2 3 1 2 2.5 3
5
2.5
(a) Condensation condition 1.5 (b)
V (M/S) V (M/S)
Boiling condition

Diagram 9. Constraint fall in duct compare aqua run celerity of stepped lattice finned tube.

smooth tube SLFT-1 smooth tube SLFT-1

SLFT-2 SLFT-3 SLFT-2 SLFT-3
SLFT-4 SLFT-5 SLFT-4 SLFT-5
SLFT-6 SLFT-7 SLFT-6 SLFT-7
40 45
35
40
30 35
ΔPC (KPA)

ΔPB (KPA)
2 3
5
0
2 2
0 5
1 2
5 0
1
5

10 10
5
5
(a) Condensation condition (b) Boiling
0 condition 0
1 1.5 2 3 1 1.5 2 3
Diagram 10. PEC in duct compare aqua run celerity of stepped lattice finned tube.
2.5 2.5
V (M/S) V (M/S)

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Journal of Technology ISSN: 10123407

smooth tube
smooth tube SLFT-1 SLFT-1
SLFT-2 SLFT- SLFT-2
SLFT-
SLFT-4 3 3
SLFT- SLFT-5 SLFT-4
SLFT-
3 6 SLFT- 3 5

2.5 7 2.5

PEC (ΔHIC/ΔP1/3)

PEC (ΔHIB/ΔP1⁄3)
2 2

1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

V (M/S) AXIS TITLE

(a) Condensation condition (b) Boiling condition

Diagram.11. PEC in duct compare aqua run celerity of stepped lattice finned tube.

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