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The Modifiers of Human Act

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Florence Delector
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15 views13 pages

The Modifiers of Human Act

Uploaded by

Florence Delector
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE MODIFIERS OF

HUMAN ACT
LESSON 4 – PHILOSOPHY OF L AW
1.IGNORANCE
2.CONCUPISCENCE
THERE ARE FIVE MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS THAT CALL
FOR DETAILED STUDY: 3.FEAR
4.VIOLENCE
5.HABIT
IGNORANCE
is the absence of knowledge,
specifically intellectual knowledge.

It represents a "negation of
knowledge" and can be seen as a
"negative" concept.
NEGATIVE IGNORANCE Positive
Ignorance
Example: A person unfamiliar with advanced
calculus because they haven’t attended
(Error or
Example: Mistaking a
school. Mistake)
stranger for an
acquaintance due to poor
eyesight or resemblance.
PRIVATIVE IGNORANCE
Example: An architect who does not
understand structural calculus or a Catholic
unaware of basic Catholic practices.
I. IGNORANCE IN ITS OBJECT-THE THING OF WHICH A
PERSON MAY BE IGNORANT IS A MATTER OF LAW, FACT, OR
PENALTY.
(a)Ignorance of Law is the ignorance of the existence of a duty,
rule, or regulation.
(b)Ignorance of Fact is ignorance of the nature or circumstances of
an act as forbidden.
(c) Ignorance of Penalty is lack of knowledge of the precise
sanction (i.e., an inducement sufficient to make reasonable men
obey the law) affixed to the law.
II. IGNORANCE IN ITS SUBJECT. -IN THE PERSON IN WHOM IT EXISTS,
IGNORANCE (OF LAW, FACT, OR PENALTY) IS EITHER VINCIBLE OR INVINCIBLE.

(I) Vincible Ignorance: Ignorance that can be


overcome through ordinary diligence and is due to
a lack of proper effort, making it culpable or
blameworthy.
TYPES OF VINCIBLE IGNORANCE
Crass (Supine) Ignorance: Total Simply Vincible Ignorance: Some
effort is made, but it’s not enough
or near-total lack of effort to or persistent enough to resolve
overcome ignorance. the ignorance.

Affected Ignorance: Deliberate avoidance of knowledge


to retain ignorance, often used as an excuse for
wrongdoing.
(II)INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE IS Degrees of Invincible Ignorance:
IGNORANCE THAT ORDINARY AND 1. Physically Invincible: No effort
PROPER DILIGENCE CANNOT DISPEL. can DISPEL the ignorance.
2. Morally Invincible: Despite
is never the fault of the reasonable efforts by prudent
person, in whom it exists, and individuals, ignorance remains
it is rightly called inculpable due to the complexity or
ignorance importance of the matter.
B) CONCUPISCENCE
The term concupiscence is often used to signify the frailty, or
proneness to evil, which is consequent in human nature upon
original sin. In ethics, refers to bodily appetites or passions, such as:
Love, Hatred, Joy, Grief, Desire, Aversion, Hope, Despair, Courage,
Fear, and Anger.

◦ Antecedent : Passions arise spontaneously, without any act of the


will.
◦ Examples: Joy from a beautiful view, anger from an unjust act.
◦ Consequent : Passions are deliberately retained or encouraged by
the will.
◦ Example: Choosing to hold onto anger after an insult.
Thus,
◦ Antecedent Concupiscence: Non-
voluntary, not a human act, no moral
responsibility.
◦ Consequent Concupiscence: Voluntary,
either directly or indirectly willed; the agent
is morally responsible.
C. FEAR

-Fear is one of the passions, and is included under the general


denotation of the term concupiscence, but it is usual to give it
special mention in Ethics, because it is a very common passion
-Fear is the shrinking back of the mind from danger
-Actions may proceed from fear as their cause, or may be done
with fear as an accompanying circumstance.
D) VIOLENCE

Violence or coaction is external force applied by


a free cause (i. e., by a cause with free will; by man)
for the purpose of compelling a person to
perform an act which is against his will.
E) HABIT

By habit, Ethics understands operative habit,


which is a lasting readiness and facility, born of
frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain
manner

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