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Module 10 Lec-18 - Respiratory & Excretory System

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23 views23 pages

Module 10 Lec-18 - Respiratory & Excretory System

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ahmedzihad02
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Human Respiratory System

Lecture Plan
Gas Exchange and Breathing

Cellular Respiration vs. Breathing

The Human Respiratory or Gas

Exchange System
Gas Exchange in Lungs
Introduction
All animals must exchange gases between
themselves and their environment on a
continual basis.
Simple animals exchange gases throughout
their entire body surfaces, whereas more
complex animals have respiratory systems.
Complex organisms rely on breathing to
simultaneously move oxygen gas from the
air into the body and remove carbon
dioxide from the body and return it to the
air.
Respiration is the entire process of taking
Gas Exchange and
Breathing
Most animals are aerobic, that is, they need
oxygen
Carbon dioxide also affects animals, since
too much of it can be harmful
The respiratory and circulatory systems
work together to deliver oxygen to cells
and remove carbon dioxide in a two-phase
process called respiration.
Two phases:
Inhalation
Exhalation
Gas Exchange and Breathing
Inhalation
Inhalation brings air from outside the
body into the lungs.
Oxygen in the air moves from the lungs
through blood vessels to the heart,
 Heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to
all parts of the body.
Oxygen then moves from the
bloodstream into cells, which
completes the first phase of respiration.
In the cells, oxygen is used in a
separate energy-producing process
called cellular respiration, which
produces carbon dioxide as a by-
product.
Gas Exchange and
Breathing
Exhalation
The second phase of respiration
begins with the movement of
carbon dioxide from the cells to
the bloodstream.
The bloodstream carries carbon
dioxide to the heart,
which pumps the carbon dioxide-
laden blood to the lungs.
In the lungs, breathing out, or
exhalation, removes carbon
dioxide from the body, thus
completing the respiration cycle.
Cellular Respiration vs.
Breathing
Cellular Respiration is the process by
which living cells break down foods and
release the stored chemical potential
energy.

Breathing is the means by which


respiratory gases are exchanged between
the entire organism and its environment.

Breathing is simply a mechanical process.


Breathing causes air containing a high
concentration of oxygen to enter the lungs
Cellular Respiration vs.
Breathing
The Human Respiratory or Gas
Exchange System
Nose to the lungs
The upper respiratory tract
consists of
(1) the nose or nasal passages and
(2) the pharynx, or throat.

The lower respiratory tract includes


(3) the larynx, or voice box;
(4) the trachea, or windpipe, which
splits into two main branches called
bronchi; tiny branches of the bronchi
called bronchioles; and
(5) the lungs, a pair of saclike, spongy
organs.
Upper Respiratory Tract
1. Nasal Passages
The uppermost portion of the human respiratory
system, the nose is a hollow air passage that
functions in breathing and in the sense of smell.
The nasal cavity moistens and warms incoming air,
while small hairs and mucus filter out harmful
particles and microorganisms.
2. Pharynx
Air leaves the nasal
passages and flows to the
pharynx, a short, funnel-
shaped tube about 13 cm (5
in) long that transports air
to the larynx.
Lower
Respiratory Tract
3. Larynx
Air moves from the pharynx to the
larynx, a structure about 5 cm (2 in)
long located approximately in the
middle of the neck.

4.Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles


Air passes from the larynx into the trachea, a tube
about 12 to 15 cm (about 5 to 6 in) long located just
below the larynx. The trachea branches into two
tubes, the left and right bronchi, which deliver air to
the left and right lungs, respectively. Within the
lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller tubes called
bronchioles.
Lower Respiratory Tract
5. Lungs
The two branches of the
trachea, called bronchi,
subdivide within the lobes into
smaller and smaller air
vessels. They terminate in
alveoli, tiny air sacs
surrounded by capillaries.
When the alveoli inflate with
inhaled air, oxygen diffuses
into the blood in the
capillaries to be pumped by
the heart to the tissues of the
body, and carbon dioxide
diffuses out of the blood into
the lungs, where it is exhaled.
Gas Exchange in Lungs
Gas Exchange in Lungs
Deoxygenated blood poor in
oxygen and rich in carbon
dioxide is pumped by the heart
into the capillary surrounding the
airspace of an alveolus.
Fresh air contains only 0.034%
carbon dioxide, which is a lower
concentration than that in the
blood.
Since inside of the alveolus has
lower concentration of carbon
dioxide, it diffuses into the
Gas Exchange in Lungs
Fresh inhaled air in the airspace contains
about 21% oxygen. This is a very high
concentration compared to what is in the
blood.
Therefore, oxygen molecules diffuse from
the airspace into the blood stream through
the thin lining of the alveolus.
The now bright red, oxygen-rich blood
moves through the capillary into the
pulmonary vein and back to the heart.
Pulmonary vein
At the same time that oxygen diffusion is
occurring, carbon dioxide is diffusing from
the blood into the air space of the alveolus.
Gas Exchange in Lungs
 If you hold your breath you can stop the diffusion;

Table: Effect of gas exchange on the air we


breathe

Percent Percent Percent


Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water

Inhaled air 21 0.034 1


Exhaled air 16 4 6
How tissue gets oxygen and release carbon
dioxide
How Red blood Cells carry
oxygen :
Excretory System
Kidneys are the excretory organ of our
body. These are the major component of
urinary system.
Urinary system includes
(i) Kidneys...formation of urine
(ii) Ureters…transport of urine from kidneys
to urinary bladder
(iii) Urinary bladder…reservoir of urine
(iv) urethra...passage of urine from urinary
bladder to outside
Kidney Structure
 Each kidney contains about one million Nephrones
which are the structural & functional unit of kidneys.

Figure –
General
organization
of the
kidneys and
the urinary
system
Functions of kidneys
Excretion of excess unnecessary
substances & metabolic waste products
Osmoregulation
Regulation of
(i) water & electrolyte balances
(ii) acid-base balances
(iii) blood pressure
(iv) red cell production

Osmoregulation is the process by which cells and


simple organisms maintain fluid and electrolyte
balance with their surroundings.
How kidneys clean blood
Kidneys clean blood by filtering it. They filter all
our blood 300 times a day. The filtering is done
by over a million tubes packed into each kidney.
These tubes are called nephrones.
Some people’s kidneys are not very good at
filtering blood. Kidney machines help by filtering
blood for them.
Thanks!

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