Muzamil Ashraf

Presents
 SOFTWA
RE
Abbreviated as SW or S/W

Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers

and execute specific tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the
physical aspects of a computer. Software is a generic term used to refer to
applications, scripts and programs that run on a device. It can be thought of as
the variable part of a computer, while hardware is the invariable part.
OR

Software refers to a collection of computer programs, data, and instructions

that tell a computer how to perform specific tasks or functions. It is a non-
tangible component of a computer system that enables users to interact with
hardware and accomplish various tasks.
Early software was written for specific computers
and sold with the hardware it ran on. In the 1980s,
software began to be sold on floppy disks, and
later on CDs and DVDs. Today, most software is
purchased and directly downloaded over the
internet. Software can be found on vendor
websites or application service provider websites.
 TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System
Software
1- Operating
Systems
Batch Operating
System
Multi-Programming
Operating SystemOperating
Multi-Processing
System
Multi-Tasking Operating
System
Time-Sharing Operating
Systems
Distributed Operating
System
Network Operating System
Real-Time Operating System
 TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System
Software
2- Programming Language
Translators
3- Device Drivers
4- Firmware Software
5- Utility Software
 What is System Software?

• System Software is the most important type of software required to

administer the resources of the computer system.

• System software runs and functions internally with application software

and hardware. Moreover, it works as a linking interface between a
hardware device and the end-user.
• System software runs in the background and manages all functioning of
the computer itself. It is called Low-Level Software as it runs at the most
basic level of computer and is usually written in a low-level language. As
soon as we install the operating system on our device, it gets
automatically installed on the same device
• System software helps to generate the user interface and allows the
operating system to interact with the computer hardware.
 TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Operating
System
An Operating System is the most basic type of System Software that
helps to manage computer hardware and software. It is the central part
of any computer system which is responsible for the smooth
functioning of any computer device.
An Operating system primarily operates your computer when you start
it. If you haven't installed the operating system on your computer, then
you will not be able to start your computer. Some most common
examples of OS are macOS, Linux, Android, and Microsoft Windows.
An OS helps to control and make records of already executed programs
in your computer, such as application programs and other system
software.
 COMPONENTS OF OS

There are various components of an Operating System to perform well

defined tasks. Though most of the Operating Systems differ in
structure but logically they have similar components. Each component
must be a well-defined portion of a system that appropriately describes
the functions, inputs, and outputs
There are following 8-components of an Operating System

Process Management

I/O Device Management

File Management

Network Management

Main Memory
Management
Secondary Storage
Management
Security Management

Command Interpreter
System
 Process Management

A process is program or a fraction of a program that is loaded in main

memory. A process needs certain resources including CPU time, Memory,
Files, and I/O devices to accomplish its task. The process management
component manages the multiple processes running simultaneously on
the Operating System.

A program in running state is called a process.

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connection with process management:
Create, load, execute, suspend, resume, and terminate processes.

Switch system among multiple processes in main memory.

Provides communication mechanisms so that processes can

communicate with each others
Provides synchronization mechanisms to control concurrent access to
shared data to keep shared data consistent.

Allocate/de-allocate resources properly to prevent or avoid deadlock

situation.
 I/O Device Management

One of the purposes of an operating system is to hide the peculiarities

of specific hardware devices from the user. I/O Device Management
provides an abstract level of H/W devices and keep the details from
applications to ensure proper use of devices, to prevent errors, and to
provide users with convenient and efficient programming environment.
 Following are the tasks of I/O Device Management component

Hide the details of H/W devices.

Manage main memory for the devices using cache, buffer, and
spooling.
Spooling is an acronym for simultaneous peripheral operation online. Spooling is
the process of temporary storage of data for use and execution by a device,
program, or system. Data is sent to and stored in main memory or other volatile
storage until it is requested for execution by a program or computer.

Maintain and provide custom drivers for each device.

 File Management

File management is one of the most visible services of an operating

system. Computers can store information in several different physical
forms; magnetic tape, disk, and drum are the most common forms.

A file is defined as a set of correlated information and it is defined by

the creator of the file. Mostly files represent data, source and object
forms, and programs. Data files can be of any type like alphabetic,
numeric, and alphanumeric.
The operating system implements the abstract concept of the file by
managing mass storage device, such as types and disks. Also files are
normally organized into directories to ease their use. These directories
may contain files and other directories and so on.
A files is a sequence of bits, bytes, lines or records whose meaning is defined by its
creator and user.
 The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connection with file management:

File creation and deletion

Directory creation and deletion

The support of primitives for manipulating files and directories

Mapping files onto secondary storage

File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media

 Network Management

The definition of network management is often broad, as network

management involves several different components. Network
management is the process of managing and administering a computer
network. A computer network is a collection of various types of
computers connected with each other.
Network management comprises fault analysis, maintaining the quality
of service, provisioning of networks, and performance management.

Network management is the process of keeping your network healthy for an efficient
communication between different computers.
 Following are the features of network management:

Network administration

Network maintenance

Network operation

Network provisioning

Network security
 Main Memory
Management
Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address. It
is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O
devices.
Main memory is a volatile storage device which means it loses its
contents in the case of system failure or as soon as system power goes
down.

The main motivation behind Memory Management is to maximize memory utilization

on the computer system
 The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connections with memory management:

Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and
by whom.
Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes
available.
Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.
 Secondary Storage
Management

The main purpose of a computer system is to execute programs. These

programs, together with the data they access, must be in main memory
during execution. Since the main memory is too small to permanently
accommodate all data and program, the computer system must provide
secondary storage to backup main memory.
The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection
with disk management:

Free space management

Storage allocation
 Security Management

The operating system is primarily responsible for all task and activities
happen in the computer system. The various processes in an operating
system must be protected from each other’s activities. For that purpose,
various mechanisms which can be used to ensure that the files, memory
segment, cpu and other resources can be operated on only by those
processes that have gained proper authorization from the operating
system.
 Command Interpreter
System

One of the most important component of an operating system is its

command interpreter. The command interpreter is the primary interface
between
Commandthe user and the
Interpreter rest of
System the system.
executes a user command by calling one
or more number of underlying system programs or system calls.

Many commands are given to the operating system by control

statements. A program which reads and interprets control statements is
automatically executed. This program is called the shell and few
examples are Windows DOS command window, Bash of Unix/Linux or C-
Shell of Unix/Linux.
 Other Important Activities

An Operating System is a complex Software System. Apart from the above mentioned
components and responsibilities, there are many other activities performed by the Operating
System. Few of them are listed below:
Security − By means of password and similar other techniques, it prevents
unauthorized access to programs and data.

Control over system performance − Recording delays between request for

a service and response from the system.

Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs
and users.
Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and
other debugging and error detecting aids.

Coordination between other software's and users − Coordination and

assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to
the various users of the computer systems.
Thank You