THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Let’s Look Back !

• WHO’S IN CHARGE?
• Determine the gland and hormone responsible for each pictures.

1. A boy gaining height 3. Boy running away from

a dog

5. Person with goiter

2. Pregnant
woman 4. Baby eating sweets
 Where Do I Belong ?
male female
Fallopian tube
Vas deferens
uterus
scrotum
endometrium
Glans penis
ovary
Prostate gland
Egg cell
Cowper’s gland

Sperm cell cervix

Draggable
epididymis
 Session/Learning Objectives
• 1. distinguish the different parts of the
male reproductive system.
• 2. describe the function/s of each part of
the male reproductive system.
• 3. Identify ways or practices to maintain
good health and proper functioning of the
male reproductive system.
 Reproduction
• - a biological process by which new individuals
are produced to continue the existence of a
given species.
• - in human reproduction , information from
both parents merge to produce a genetically
unique individual.
• Reproductive System Function:
• producing offspring
• propagation of the species
– only activated at puberty unlike most other
organisms on planet
– mammals only reproduce sexually , humans are
dieocious
– separate sexed (many animals are monoecious or
hermaphrodites) in 7th week of embryonic
development genes are activated that trigger
differentiation of gonad
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• The purpose of the organs of the
male reproductive system is to perform the
following functions:
• a. To produce, maintain, and transport sperm
(the male reproductive cells) and protective
fluid (semen)
• b. To discharge sperm within the female
reproductive tract during sex
• c. To produce and secrete male sex hormones
responsible for maintaining the male
reproductive system
Organs of the Male Reproductive
System
• Penis
• Urethra
• Vas Deferens
• Scrotum
• Testes
• Bladder*
*Not a part of the reproductive
system
 External Organs of the Male Reproductive
System
• Penis: the external reproductive organ,
urethra passes through the penis and allows
urine and semen to exit the body.
• Scrotum: a sac or pouch which holds the
testes.
– The function of the scrotum is to maintain the
proper temperature of the testes.
– Sperm is destroyed unless a temperature of 97o is
maintained.
 Internal Organs of the Male Reproductive
System
• Bladder*: holds urine prior to urination. Urine leaves
the bladder via the urethra.
• Urethra: a tube which allows urine and semen to exit
the body. Connects to the bladder
• Vas deferens: a tube which connects the testes to the
urethra and allows semen to exit the body.
• Testes: two glands which produce sperm and
hormones (testosterone)
 Parts and function of the male reproductive system

Or Cowper’s gland
• Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
• Major Organs
• A. External Reproductive Organs
• - penis and scrotum
B. Internal Organs:
- these structures form continuous tube:
B.1 Testes – primary reproductive organ of male
B.2 epididymis
B.3 vas deferens
B.4 ejaculatory duct
B.5 urethra in penis
C. Accessory organs
C.1 seminal vesicles
C.2 prostate gland
C.3 bulbourethral glands
• 1. Penis and Scrotum
– 1.1 penis is transfer organ
» 1.1.1 glans - expanded head
» 1.1.2 prepuce - foreskin both have modified sebaceous glands
that produce waxy secretion = smegma
Smegma – a waxy secretion produced by the sebaceous
gland.
– 1.2 scrotum – keeps testes at cooler temperature

Bulbourethal gland
– during sexual arousal they produce a clear, slippery fluid that
lubricates the head of the penis in preparation for intercourse also
protects sperm by helping to neutralize the acidity of residual urine in
urethra
 Testosterone
• - the main male sex hormone secreted by the
testis
• - responsible for the normal development of the
organs of the male reproductive system
• - brings about the changes experienced during
puberty , 10 -14 years of age called secondary sex
characteristics such as :
– - growth of facial,underarm,chest,pubic and body
hairs ; enlargement of the of the voice box,deepening
of the voice , increased secretion of sweat and oil
 The Sperm
• - describe as a tadpole – like which consists of
three parts :
• - head – contains enzymes that break the hyaluronic
acid of the egg’s membrane , houses the genetic
material that will eventually unite with the egg’s
nucleus during fertilization
• middlepiece or neck – contains mitochondria that
provide the sperm with energy during its journey to the
female body
• tail - propels the sperm as it swims in the fluid
 The sperm challenge
• - during ejaculation , about 200 to 500 million
sperms are in the semen but only 1% make it to
the egg.
• Obstacles of sperms in reaching the egg:
– a. millions already die in the vagina due to its acidic
environment
– b. some sperms lose energy to continue the journey
– c. some sperms go to the oviduct or fallopian tube
that does not contain the egg
– d. some sperms are blocked in the mucus covring the
cervix
– e. abnormal sperms resulting from its mass
production are unable to fertilize an egg
• How to take care of the male reproductive
system?

• Regularly screen for STD’s

• Practice good Hygiene
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle
• Quit smoking
• Visit your doctor
• Monorchodism – having only one testicle
within the scrotum
• Reasons :
• 1. one died before birth
• 2, one may not have descended having been
arrested in the abdomen
• UNDESCENDED TESTICLE or CRYPTORCHIDISM
• - one testicle doesn’t drop into the scrotum
• Is it normal for one testicle?
• Yes. Normal also to have one testicle a bit
bigger than the other
• A normal size of half a teaspoon and usually
the right testicle is larger than the left
• Give atleast 5 important take aways u learned
from today’s discussion.
Female reproductive system
 Female Reproductive System
A. Functions
1. Oogenesis / production of egg cells
2. Copulation – receive sperm from male
3. Hormone production
4. Provide sites for egg fertilization, implantation,
and development
5. Acts as birth canal
6. Protection and nourishment of the developing
embryo
Organs of the Female Reproductive System

• Vagina
• Cervix
• Uterus
• Fallopian Tubes
• Ovary
Organs of the Female Reproductive System

• Vagina: also called the birth canal, a tube

leading from the uterus to the outside of the
body.
• Cervix: the lower portion of the uterus; where
the vagina and uterus meet.
• Uterus: a hollow, fist-sized organ located
between the bladder and rectum.
• Fallopian Tubes: also called oviducts; are two
tubes connecting the uterus with the ovaries.
Organs of the Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries: small organs on the ends of the

Fallopian tubes responsible for the production
and release of eggs (ova-pl).
– Females are born with all of the eggs they will
ever produce.
– Ovaries alternate the release of eggs each month.
– Like testes, the ovaries produce hormones-
estrogen.
– This release of the ova is called ovulation.
 Female Reproductive System
Structures
1. Internal Structures
A) Ovaries – produce egg and hormones
- a pair of small glands about the
size and shape of almonds, located on the left
and right sides of the pelvic body cavity lateral to
the superior portion of the uterus
B. Oviduct – serves as passageway of eggs from
the ovary to the uterus ; site of egg fertilization
- In female mammals this passageway is
known as the uterine tube or Fallopian tube. The
eggs travel along the oviduct.
• C. UTERUS – serves as site of egg implantation ,
is where the fertilized egg develops
- a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located
posterior and superior to the urinary bladder.
Connected to the two fallopian tubes on its superior
end and to the vagina (via the cervix) on its inferior
end, the uterus is also known as the womb, as it
surrounds and supports the developing fetus during
pregnancy.
endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus, provides
support to the embryo during early development.
The visceral muscles of the uterus contract during
childbirth to push the fetus through the birth canal.
• D. cervix – the neck of the uterus leading to
the vaginal canal , dilates or opens prior to a
female’s delivery
• E. vagina – a long, elastic muscular canal
where menstrual blood and tissues are
expelled from the body , expands during
intercourse and childbirth
• F. hymen – a membrane that surrounds and
partially covers the opening of the vagina
• Menstruation – the monthly changes that
takes place in the female reproductive system
• - monthly flow of blood from the uterus
• - occurs every month from the onset which
could happen when a female id between 10 to
13 years old and continues for about 40 years.
• - typical cycle days is about 28 days
• MENARCHE – first menstruation
The Menstrual Cycle
 The Menstrual Cycle
• The menstrual cycle typically lasts 28 days;
approximately 1 month.
– One cycle is the amount of time from the
beginning of one period to the beginning of the
next period.
• The beginning of a period is marked by the
release of the blood and lining from the inside
of the uterus.
– This flow of blood typically lasts 3-7 days and is
called menstruation.
 The Menstrual Cycle
• After menstruation, the ovaries release hormones
that tell the uterus to grow a new lining and prepare
to receive a new egg.
• As the uterus prepares a new lining, one of the
ovaries releases an egg. This is called ovulation.
– Ovulation occurs about halfway through a
woman’s cycle.
• The egg travels through the Fallopian tube. If it is not
fertilized it breaks down and is released with the
lining and blood of the uterus.
Menstrual Cycle Timeline
Menstrual Cycle Timeline
PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• 1. MENSTRUAL PHASE
• - start of menstrual cycle and lasts for an average of 3-
7 days
• * period blood- combination of blood, mucus, the
unfertilized egg and the uterine lining and tissue.
• 2. FOLLICULAR PHASE
• - starts from the first day of the period until ovulation
• Lasts an average of 14-16 days
• - pituitary produce FSH to produce and mature follicles
• 3. OVULATION
• - usually occurs around day 12-14 in the
menstrual cycle.
• - pituitary releases luteinizing hormone LH
which cause the release of the mature ovum
from the follicle
• - mature ovum will then travel down to the
uterus to await fertilization by sperm
• 4. LUTEAL PHASE
• - phase lasts an average of 14 days
• - when the follicle releases the mature ovum ,
the follicle then changes into the corpus
luteum and releases progesterone
 Female Reproductive System
1) If no implantation occurs, corpus
luteum( yellowish mass of progesterone )
degenerates, hormone production ceases, and
menses & follicular maturation begin
a) The resulting structure is referred to as the
corpus albicans, which will eventually
degenerate
2) If implantation occurs, human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the developing
embryo to maintain the corpus luteum until the
placenta develops
 Female Reproductive System
E. Uterine cycle (usually 28 days)
1. Menses( menstrual flow ) – sloughing off of
the uterine lining; days 1-5
2. Proliferative phase – prior to ovulation;
endometrium thickens and develops more
blood vessels in preparation for implantation;
days 6-13
 Female Reproductive System
A) If no implantation occurs, the cycle starts over
and menses begins again
B) If implantation occurs, the cycle will stop until
the end of the pregnancy
 The Menstrual Cycle and Fertilization
• If the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell, the egg
will implant in the lining of the uterus and
begin to develop.
– Zygote: The first cells of a new organism; the time
from fertilization to implantation.
– Embryo: The zygote is called an embryo from
implantation to 8 weeks.
– Fetus: After 8 weeks of development, the embryo
is known as a fetus.
• PERIOD CARE :
• A. manage bleeding by using pads, tampons, or
menstrual cups
• B. keep track of period using a calendar or a period
tracker
• C. use warm compresses or heating pads to manage
period pain around the abdominal and back areas,
elevating the lower bak with a pillow will also help
• D. eat healthy especially iron – rich foods
• E. take nutritional supplements like vitamins and
minerals
• F. hydrate to lessen menstrual cramp syndromes
• G. exercise to improve one’s mood
 Female Reproductive System
F. Menopause – cessation of menstruation
1. Occurs 45-55 years of age
2. Ovaries fail to respond to FSH
3. Number of remaining follicles decrease
4. Estrogen levels decline
5. Hot flashes and mood swings common due to
hormonal imbalances
 Ovum Formation
• MEIOSIS forms the eggs (ova)
• Eggs are formed before birth
• 1 egg per month is matured and released from
ovaries, most of the time
• Eggs travel through the fallopian tube where
they may become fertilized

Mrs. Degl
 1st Trimester =
1st 12 weeks

• Heart develops first

• Neural tube develops
• All body systems appear by Week 8 –
Now a Fetus

Mrs. Degl
 2nd Trimester =
up to 24 weeks
• Most growth
• Looks more like a baby
• Some preemies survive at this stage

Mrs. Degl
 3rd Trimester
= Up to 40 weeks

• More growth
• Kicking, rolling, stretching
• Eyes open – Week 32
• Lungs mature
• Rotates to head-down
position, unless baby is breech

Mrs. Degl
 Female Reproductive System
Birth Control
1. Condoms (97-99%)/diaphragms (82-98%) –
prevent sperm from entering the cervix
2. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) (97-99%) – damage
sperm passing through the cervix
3. Pills (98-99.5%) – prevent ovulation
4. Injections (99-99.7%) – prevent ovulation
 Female Reproductive System
5. Sterilization (98-99.4%)
A) vasectomy – the vas deferens are severed and
sealed to prevent sperm from being released
during ejaculation
B) tubal ligation – the uterine tubes are severed
and sealed to prevent sperm from reaching the
egg
 Female Reproductive System
6. Rhythm method (75-99%) – female breaks down
her monthly cycle into “safe” and “unsafe” days;
she refrains from sexual activity or uses other
birth control on “unsafe” days
7. Withdrawal method (81-96%) – male withdraws
before climax to prevent the release of sperm
into the female
 Female Reproductive System
DISORDERS:
1. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – bacterial
infection of the uterus, uterine tubes, or other
reproductive structures resulting in inflammation
2. Cervical cancer – most common among women
ages 30-50
A) seen with higher frequency when there is a
history of sexually transmitted diseases
(especially HPV) or multiple pregnancies
 Female Reproductive System
3. Amenorrhea – abnormal cessation of menses
4. Dysmenorrhea – painful menstruation, muscle cramps
caused by high levels of prostaglandins
Symptoms :
- cramp pain in the lower back, abdomen or around the
pelvic area
- nausea
- stomachache
- headache
- dizziness
5. Endometriosis – over production of
endometrium
6. Breast cancer – cancer of the glandular breast
tissue
A) #1 cancer among women in the U.S.
B) #1 cancer killer in women worldwide
 Female Reproductive System
7. Ectopic pregnancy – when the fertilized ovum
implants in tissue other than the uterus
A) commonly in the uterine tubes but can also
occur in cervix, ovaries, and abdomen
• Examples of cancers of the reproductive
system include:
• Prostate cancer - Cancer of the prostate gland
• Breast cancer - Cancer of the mammary gland.
• Ovarian cancer - Cancer of the ovary.
• Penile cancer - Cancer of the penis.
• Uterine cancer - Cancer of the uterus.
• Testicular cancer - Cancer of the
testicle/(plural:testes).
• Cervical Cancer - Cancer of the cervix.
• Examples of functional problems of the reproductive system
include:
• Impotence - The inability of a male to produce or maintain an
erection.
• Hypogonadism - A lack of function of the gonads, in regards to
either hormones or gamete production.
• Ectopic pregnancy - When a fertilized ovum is implanted in any
tissue other than the uterine wall.
• Hypoactive sexual desire disorder - A low level of sexual desire
and interest.
• Female sexual arousal disorder - A condition of decreased,
insufficient, or absent lubrication in females during sexual activity
• Premature ejaculation - A lack of voluntary control over
ejaculation.
• Dysmenorrhea - Is a medical condition of pain during
menstruation that interferes with daily activities [3]
 STD ( Sexually Transmitted Diseases )
• - infectious diseases resulting from sexual
activities
• - either caused by viruses, bacteria or
parasites
• - when left untreated , some of these diseases
may lead to more serious health problems
such as human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV )
infection , which affects fertility
• 1. Gonnorhea ( “The Drip” )
• - caused by bacterial infection of the genital tract ;
generally appear within 2 to 10 days after exposure ,
some months before signs or symptoms occur
• Symptoms :
• - thick cloudy or bloody discharge from the penis or
vagina
• - pain or burning sensation when urinating
• - abnormal menstrual bleeding
• - painful , swollen testicles
• - painful bowel movements
• - anal itching
• 2. Genital Herpes
• - a highly contagious disease caused by a type
of the herpes simplex virus ( HSV ) which
enters the body through small breaks in the
skin or mucous membranes
• Symptoms:
• - small, red bumps , blisters ( vesicles )
• - open sores ( ulcers ) in the genital , anal , and
nearby areas
• - pain or itching around the genital area ,
buttocks and inner thighs
• 3. HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus ) infection
• Symptoms: fever,headache, sore throat , swollen
lymph glands , rash , fatigue
• 4. SYPHILIS ( STD ) – caused by bacteria that infect
the genital area , lips , mouth or anus of both men
and women
• - usually get syphilis from sexual contact with
someone who has it
• -can also pass from the mother to the baby during
pregnancy
• Symptoms: small painless ulcers , fever, warts in the
groin , swollen lymph nodes , weight loss
• 5. Genital warts – caused by the human
papillomavirus ( HPV ) , the most common
type of STD’s.
• Symptoms :
• - small flesh-colored or gray swellings in the
genital area
• - several warts close together that take on a
cauliflower shape
• - itching or discomfort in the genital area
• - bleeding during intercourse
• 6. AIDS ( Acquired Immunodeficiency
syndrome )
• - a chronic, life- threatening disease , the final
and most serious stage of the HIV infection that
causes severe damage to the immune system
• - can be acquired through unprotected
intercourse and infected needles , through
exchange of body fluids such as semen , vaginal
secretion, and blood
• - infection increased at a surprising rate the
past 5 years
• Symptoms:
• - rapid weight loss
• - Fever
• - cough and shortness of breath
• - pneumonia
• - persistent , unexplained fatigue
• - swelling of lymph nodes for more than 3 months
• - chronic diarrhea
• - persistent headaches
• -unusual , opportunistic infections
• - recurring fever or profuse night sweats
• 7.