GRAMMAR

Objective:

• to ensure correct application to

make speech more
comprehensible
• to speak flawless English
• to communicate effectively
 Parts of Speech
Traditional grammar classifies
words based on eight parts of
speech: the verb, the noun, the
pronoun, the adjective, the adverb
, the preposition, the conjunction,
and the interjection.

It's quite important to recognize

parts of speech. This helps you to
analyze sentences and understand
them. It also helps you to
 TYPES OF NOUNS
PROPER NOUNS :are nouns that refer to
specific entities. Always written with a capital
letter.
For eg: names of week, months, historical
documents, institutions, organizations, religions
and their holy text
Ex: Many people dread Monday mornings
Ex: Abraham appears in the Bible and in the Koran
COMMON
NOUNS
Proper nouns are nouns that refer to specific
entities for general use
Ex Harvard refers to a particular institution of
higher learning, while the common noun
university can refer to any such institution.

COUNTABLE
NOUNS
These count nouns can occur in both single and
plural forms, can be modified by numerals, and
can co-occur with quantificational determiners
like many, most, more, several, etc.

Ex: There are six broken bikes in that garage

NON COUNTABLE
NOUNS
Some nouns are not countable and cannot be
represented by a number. These are called
uncountable nouns or mass nouns.

Ex: Joseph Priestly discovered Oxygen.

Ex: The furniture is heaped in the middle of the
room
CONCRETE NOUNS
Concrete nouns are nouns that can be touched,
smelt, seen, felt, or tasted

Ex: Please pass the salt

Ex: Can I pet your dog?
ABSTRACT NOUNS
More ethereal, theoretical concepts use abstract
nouns to refer to them. Concepts like freedom,
love, power, and redemption are all examples of
abstract nouns.
Ex: The griefs of the nation are too much to bear
Ex: The editors took liberties with our prose

COLLECTIVE
NOUNS
Nouns that refer to a group of something in a
specific manner. Often, collective nouns are used to
refer to groups of animals
Ex: The team runs during practice.
Ex: A colony of ants live in the anthill.
 PRONOUN
Personal pronouns are types of nouns that take the
place of nouns when referring to people, places or things

Ex: Amy works at a flower shop.

She works at a flower shop.

Ex:The Greeks invented democracy.

They invented democracy
 VERB
A verb is defined as a word which
shows action or state of being
 TYPES OF VERBS
Normal Verbs
Most verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physical
actions which you can see somebody doing. These verbs can be used
in all tenses.
Normal Verbs
to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc.
Examples:
I eat dinner every day.
I am eating dinner now.

Non-Continuous Verbs

The second group, called "Non-Continuous Verbs," is smaller. These

verbs are usually things you cannot see somebody doing. These
verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses. They include:
Abstract Verbs
to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe,
to exist...
Possession Verbs
to possess, to own, to belong...
Emotion Verbs
 PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other
words in a sentence.

Types of Prepositions

Prepositions of Time
Time prepositions are used to define time. Prepositions usually come before
a noun or pronoun. Prepositions never come after a verb

after - I will be there after work.

around - We will be there around 3 PM
before - I will be there before I go to school.
between - I will be there
by - I will be there by the time that you leave for work.
during - I will be there during your class.
for - I will be there for your birthday.
past - I wasn't there for the past 2 months.
since - I didn't see her since I was 10 years old.
until - I will not be home until 7:00 PM.
within - I will be there within 2 hours.
 Prepositions of Place
Place prepositions , are prepositions that are used to
describe the place or position of all types of nouns. It
is common for the preposition to be placed before the
noun. When we refer to Place prepositions we usually
refer to "in", "at" and "on".

In - Is usually used to state that someone or

something is in a (the boundaries can be physical or
virtual place.

On - Is usually used to state someone or something is

on top of a surface.

At - Is usually used to state something or someone is

at a specific place
Prepositions of
Position
Prepositions of place are used to clarify a specific place.
Place prepositions are used with all nouns. The
preposition usually comes before the noun or the pronoun.
The preposition never comes before a verb.

Common Prepositions:

aboard - She is aboard the boat.

above - The picture is above the sofa.
across - My house is across the street.
against - The desk is against the wall.
around - My house is around the block.
at - Is your house at the end of the street.
at the back of - We are going to sit at the back of the theater.
at the bottom of - The coins are at the bottom of the lake.
at the top of - The books are at the top of the shelves.
between - We sit between the two boys.
behind - The girls sit behind the two boys.
below - The desk is below the window
by - The books are by the door.
in - I live in the big green and white house.
 Some more place
prepositions
inside - I live inside the big green house.
on the corner of - We live on the corner of 3rd avenue
in the middle of - We live in the middle of the street.
near - I don't live near the supermarket.
next to - I live next to my best friend.
to the left of - The blue box is to the left of the green box.
to the right of - The orange box is to the right of the yellow box.
on - The sun heater is on the top of the building.
on the side of - There is a big sign on the side of the house.
on top of - There is a man on the top of the roof.
on the other side of - Do you see what is going on over
there on the other side of the roof?
opposite - The post office is on the opposite side of the street.
outside - The car is outside the garage.
under - The blanket is under the bed in a box.
 ARTICLES
There are only three articles in English: a, an and
the
There are two types of articles indefinite 'a' and 'an' or
definite 'the'

A and an are the indefinite articles. They refer to something not

specifically known to the person you are communicating with.
A and an are used before nouns that introduce something or
someone you have not mentioned before:-

For example: "I saw an elephant this morning."

"I ate a banana for lunch.“
A and an are also used when talking about your profession:-
For example "I am an English teacher."
"I am a builder. "Note!
You use a when the noun you are referring to begins with a
consonant (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y or z),
for example, "a city", "a factory", and "a hotel". You use an
when the noun you are referring to begins with a vowel (a, e, i,
We use the when you know that the listener knows or can
work out what particular person/thing you are talking about.

For example: "The apple you ate was rotten."

"Did you lock the car?" You should also use the when you
have already mentioned the thing you are talking about.
For example: "She's got two children; a girl and a boy. The
girl's eight and the boy's fourteen. "We use the to talk about
geographical points on the globe.
For example: the North Pole, the equator We use the to
talk about rivers, oceans and seas
For example: the Nile, the Pacific, the English channel We
also use the before certain nouns when we know there is
only one of a particular thing.
For example: the rain, the sun, the wind, the world, the
earth, the White House etc..
 ADJECTIVES
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun
By describing, identifying or quantifying words.
An adjective usually precedes the noun or the
Pronoun which it modifies.

Eg: The heart shaped balloon floated.

Eg: The store room was filled with large
yellow rain boots
 ADVERB

An adverb usually modifies a verb. An adverb

indicates manner, time, place, cause or degree and
then answer questions like how, when, where and how
much.
Eg: The boldly spoken words would anger the rebels
Eg: The tailor quickly made the wedding gown
onjunctive Adverbs

ed to join 2 clauses. Some common conjunctive adverbs are

nsequently, hence, however, indeed, incidentally, meanwhil
ewise, nevertheless, still, otherwise

:He did not have all the ingredients the recipe called for;
erefore, he decided to make something else.
 CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction is a word that “joins”. It joins

two parts of a sentence and is used to link words,
phrases and clauses.

Ex: He went out because the sun was shining

Ex: I ate the pizza and the pasta

Coordinating Conjunctions: are used to join 2 parts

Of a sentence that are grammatically equal
Egg: Jack and Jill went up a hill

Subordinating Conjunctions: are used to join

subordinate
Dependent clause to the main clause.
Egg: Jane went swimming although it was cold
 INTERJECTION

An interjection is a word added to a sentence

to convey emotion. It is not grammatically
Related to any part of the sentence. An
Interjection is usually followed by an exclamation
mark

Eg: Ouch !!! That hurts

Eg: Hey!! Put that down
Eg: Oh no!!!