Scribd
Upload
17 views14 pages

Placenta 1pptx

The placenta is a vital organ in pregnant women, providing nutrition, respiration, and hormone secretion to the fetus while also acting as a barrier to certain substances. It has various abnormalities such as placenta accreta and vasa previa, which can pose risks to both maternal and fetal health. The document also discusses the conceptus, trophoblast, extra embryonic membranes, and methods to differentiate between fetal and maternal blood.

Uploaded by

Ruqaiyah Shabbir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views14 pages

Placenta 1pptx

The placenta is a vital organ in pregnant women, providing nutrition, respiration, and hormone secretion to the fetus while also acting as a barrier to certain substances. It has various abnormalities such as placenta accreta and vasa previa, which can pose risks to both maternal and fetal health. The document also discusses the conceptus, trophoblast, extra embryonic membranes, and methods to differentiate between fetal and maternal blood.

Uploaded by

Ruqaiyah Shabbir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Placenta

Nadia Naseem
Lecturer
Subject: Obstetrics
Faculty of Eastern Medicine
Hamdard University
Introduction

▪ The word placenta comes from the Latin word means “cake”. The placenta is a flattened circular
organ in the uterus of pregnant woman that nourishes and maintain the fetus through the
umbilical cord.

▪ It has two surfaces maternal surface formed by decidua and fetal surface is formed by
trophoblast.

▪ In the decidua spiral arteries are present carries maternal blood

▪ It is discoid , hemochorial and deciduate (shed off)

▪ The functional unit of the placenta is the cotyledon.

▪ Placenta weight is approx. 500 gm and average wt. of fetus is 3000gm.

▪ Maternal blood flow to the placenta is approx. 500 to 600ml / min. Intervillous space contain
150ml blood and in villi system 350 ml blood so total volume is 500ml blood this is placental
volume.

▪ Ratio of wt. of placenta to fetus is 1:6

▪ Fetus is connected to placenta by umbilical cord.

▪ It is about 20 cm in diameter.

▪ It is thick from the center ( Thickness is 2.5cm to 3cm ) and thin from peripheral ( 1 cm to 1.5
cm)

▪ Fetus is connected to placenta by umbilical cord. It is usually 55 to 60 cm long.


FUNCTIONS

▪ It provide nutrition.

▪ Respiration
▪ Secrete certain hormones ( progesterone , small quantity of estrogen,
human chorionic gonadotropin , human chorionic lactogen /human
placental lactogen/human chorionic somatomammotropin).

▪ It acts as a barrier, but certain substances can cross placenta like viruses
(rubella, HIV etc.) nicotine , heroine if crosses might cause defects in the
fetus .Such substances are called teratogens . one such teratogen is
mercury which cross placenta and cause a disease called Minamata.

▪ Provide passive immunity (IgG)

▪ It removes nitrogenous waste.


▪ It provide nutrition.
Conceptus

This term is used to refer to all tissue products of conception- embryo,


fetal membranes and placenta. Specifically, the conceptus includes all
tissues that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extra
embryonic.

Trophoblast

Implanting blastocyst becomes completely buried in and covered over by


the endometrium.
Blastocyst

Outer cell Inner cell


Known as Known as
trophoblast embryoblast

cytotrophobl syncytiotropho
ast blast
Syncyhiotrophoblast is a thick outer layer of multinucleated
cells. It prevent the deeper penetration of the blastocyst into the
myometrium. And late on this layer forms a layer of fibrin (fibrinoid
material) called as Nitabuch's layer. If this layer is absent than it will
give rise to a condition called as placenta accreta

Fetal fibronectin protein


It is a protein produced by fetal cells at the interface between
the chorion and decidua. This protein acts like a glue and
thus called trophoblastic glue.
It is present in the amniotic fluid before 22 weeks and
disappear and reappear some where around 37 weeks. If
fetal fibronectin is present before 37 weeks in the cervico
vaginal secretions this indicate either there is preterm labor
or there is premature rupture of membrane.
Extra Embryonic Membrane

▪ Extra embryonic membranes developed from trophoblast .


1. Amnion
contain amniotic fluid it act as a shock absorber plus helps in
the development of the fetus.

2. Chorion it help in gaseous exchange. It acts as an extra


embryonic lungs.

3. Yolk sac

It stores food in the form of yolk ,it digest it , absorb it and


pass it to the embryo and thus also called as extra
embryonic gut. But in human it is very poorly developed.

4. Allantois stores all the nitrogenous waste and removes it.


It acts as extra embryonic kidney. Poorly developed in
humans.

In human's amnion and chorion extra embryonic membrane


plays major role.
Placenta

Nadia Naseem
Lecturer
Subject: Obstetrics
Faculty of Eastern Medicine
Hamdard University
Abnormalities of placenta

Placenta succenturiate

When a small part of placenta detach from


the main lobe and remain connected to it
with vessels is called succenturiate

Circumvallate

Normally the maternal side and fetal side are


equal, disc like shape but sometime if
maternal side is bigger and the fetal side will
be enclosed in a form of a ring and a
depression is formed. Such a placenta is
termed as circumvallate.
Abnormalities of placenta

Placenta accreta / morbidly adherent


placenta
Is the placenta where villi are attached to the
myometrium as a result of partial or complete
absence of the decidua basalis and absence of
nitabuch layers.
Placenta increta
If placental villi invade the myometrium it is
called placental increta.
Placenta percreta
When the invasion is through the
myometrium . It is called placental percreta.
Abnormalities of umbilical cord insertion into
the placenta

Marginal insertion / battledore placenta


In few cases the cord is inserted at one side of the
placenta.
Eccentric cord insertion
Lateral insertion of the umbilical cord >2cm from the
placental margin.
Velamentous insertion of the cord
when the umbilical cord inserts into the fetal
membrane away from the placenta is referred to as
velamentous. If these blood vessels are positioned over
the internal os , the condition is called vasa previa.
Vasa previa can be a cause of third trimester bleeding.
In case of vasa previa the blood loss is always fetal
origin.
Because the blood loss here is directly from the fetus
this condition has got a very high perinatal mortality
rate. The rate of maternal mortality is less in this
condition whereas fetal mortality is very high. The only
management we can do here is c- section. If this
condition is diagnosed antenatally through doppler
than a planned c- section is performed ( Elective
cesarean). If in case this condition is not diagnosed
antenatally and is diagnosed at labor within minutes
you have to do emergency c- section.
SINGERS ALKALI DENATURATION TEST ( APT test)

How are you going to know whether the


blood that is coming out of mother vagina is
of fetal origin or maternal origin? For this
purpose the property of blood is used

Maternal blood
Fetal blood vessels
vessels have
have fetal blood
maternal blood

HbF HbA
Resistance to Sensitive to acid and
acid/alkali alkali

Take the blood sample and add KOH in it and


observe the color changes in it.

If blood hemolysis
If no hemolysis this
and color change to
mean HbF
brown this mean HbA

VASA PREVIA PLACENTA PREVIA

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy