Presentation on FEMA 356

Prepared by : Sashank Gaudel (THA078MSEqE014)

4. Foundations and Geologic Site Hazards
4.1 Scope

This chapter sets forth general requirements for consideration of foundation load-deformation
characteristics, seismic rehabilitation of foundations, and mitigation of geologic site hazards in the
Systematic Rehabilitation of buildings.

4.2 Site Characterization

4.3 Mitigation of Seismic-Geologic Site Hazards

4.4 Foundation Strength and Stiffness

4.5 Seismic Earth Pressure

4.6 Foundation Rehabilitation

Site Characterization Includes
Foundation Conditions

Design Foundation Loads

Foundation Information

Load-Deformation Characteristics
Under Seismic Loading

Site Characterization
Fault Rupture

Liquefaction
Seismic Geologic Site
Hazards Differential Compaction

Landslide

Flooding or Inundation
Mitigation of Seismic Geologic Site Hazards
● stiffening of the structure and/or its foundation
● strengthening of the structure and/or its foundation
01 Fault Rupture ● modifications to the structure and/or its foundation to
distribute the effects of differential vertical movement over
a greater horizontal distance to reduce angular distortion

● Modification of the Structure

02 Liquefaction
●
●
Modification of the Foundation
Modification of the Soil Conditions
● Mitigation of the Lateral Spreading

03 Differential Compaction
● similar to those recommended for liquefaction should be
implemented
● Regrading
● Drainage

04 Landslide
●
●
Buttressing
Structural Improvements: Gravity Walls, Tieback walls,
Shear walls
●
● Soil Modification/Replacement
Improvement : Grouting,
of nearby dam, pipeline, or Densification
aqueduct facilities
independent of the rehabilitated building
● Diversion of anticipated peak flood flows.
05 Flooding or Inundation ● Installation of pavement around the building to reduce
scour.
● Construction of sea wall or breakwater for tsunami or seiche
protection.
Seismic Earth Pressure
Building walls retaining soil shall be evaluated to resist additional earth pressure due to seismic forces.
Unless otherwise determined from a site-specific geotechnical investigation, the seismic earth pressure
acting on a building wall retaining non saturated, level soil above the ground water table shall be calculated
using Equation:

∆p = 0.4 kh γt Hrw

where:
∆p = Additional earth pressure due to seismic shaking, which is assumed to be a uniform pressure
kh = Horizontal seismic coefficient in the soil, which may be assumed equal to SXS /2.5
γt = Total unit weight of soil
Hrw = Height of the retaining wall
SXS = Spectral response acceleration parameter as specified in Section 1.6
Foundation Rehabilitation

● improvement in vertical bearing capacity of footing foundations

1 Soil Material ● increase in the lateral frictional resistance at the base of footings
Improvements ● increase in the passive resistance of the soils adjacent to foundations or
grade beams

● Enlarging the existing footing by lateral additions

● Underpinning the footing
● Providing tension hold-downs
2 Shallow Foundation
● Increasing effective depth of footing.
Rehabilitation
● Providing pile supports for concrete footings or mat foundations.
● Adding new grade beams

● Providing additional piles or piers

● Increasing the effective depth of the pile cap
● Increasing passive pressure bearing area of pile cap
3 Deep Foundation
● Changing the building system to reduce the demands on the existing
Rehabilitation
elements
● Adding batter piles or piers
● Increasing tension tie capacity from pile or pier to superstructure
6. Concrete
6.1 Scope
This chapter sets forth requirements for the Systematic Rehabilitation of concrete lateral-force-resisting
elements within a building.

6.2 Material Properties Based on Historical Information

Available construction documents and as-built information shall be obtained as specified in Section 2.2.
Use of material properties based on historical information as default values shall be as specified in Section
6.3.2.5.

6.3 Material Properties and Condition Assessment

6.3.1 General
This section identifies properties requiring consideration and provides guidelines for determining the
properties of buildings.
Also described is the need for a thorough condition assessment and utilization of knowledge gained in
analyzing component and system behavior.
6.3.2 Properties of In-Place Materials and Components

6.3.2.1 Material Properties

The following component and connection material properties shall be obtained for the as-built structure:

➢ Concrete compressive strength.

➢ Yield and ultimate strength of conventional and prestressing reinforcing steel and metal connection
hardware.

6.3.2.2 Component Properties

The following component properties and as-built conditions shall be established:

➢ Cross-sectional dimensions of individual components and overall configuration of the structure.

➢ Configuration of component connections, size of anchor bolts, thickness of connector material,
anchorage and interconnection of embedments and the presence of bracing or stiffening components.
➢ Modifications to components or overall configuration of the structure.
➢ Current physical condition of components and connections, and the extent of any deterioration
present.
➢ Presence of conditions that influence building performance.
 Visual ● Visual inspection of the building shall include visible portions of foundations,
6.3.2.3 Test Methods to Quantify Material Properties
Condition lateral-force-resisting members, diaphragms (slabs), and connections
1
Destructive
Assessment ● As a minimum, a representative sampling of at least 20% of the elements,
and non-destructive test methods used to obtain in-place mechanical properties of materials
components, and connections shall be visually inspected at each floor level.
identified in Section 6.3.2.1 and component properties
● If significant damageidentified in Section
or degradation 6.3.2.2
is found, shall comply
the assessment with
sample the
of all critical
requirements of this section. components of similar type in the building shall be increased to 40%.

6.3.2.4 Minimum Number of Tests

Comprehensive ● If detailed design drawings exist, exposure of at least three different primary
Condition connections shall occur, with the connection sample including different types of
❖ The minimum number of tests is dictated by available data from original construction, the type of
Assessment connections. If no deviations from the drawings exist, it shall be permitted to
structural system employed, desired accuracy,
consider and the
the sample quality
as being and condition
representative of in-place
of installed materials.
conditions. If deviations
❖ Testing is generally not required on components
are noted, then atother
least than
25% ofthose of theconnection
the specific lateral-force-resisting system.to
type shall be inspected
2 identify the extent of deviation.
6.3.2.5 Default Properties ● In the absence of detailed design drawings, at least three connections of each
primary connection type shall be exposed for inspection. If common detailing
Default values provided in this standard among
are generally
the threeconservative. While strength
connections is observed, of permitted
it shall be reinforcingto steel may
consider this
condition as representative of installed conditions. If variations
be fairly consistent throughout a building, the strength of concrete in a building could be highly variable, are observed
among like connections, additional connections shall be inspected until an
given variability in concrete mix designs and sensitivity to water-cement ratio and curing practices.
accurate understanding of building construction is gained.

6.3.3 3 Additional
Condition Assessment
● If additional destructive and nondestructive testing is required to determine the
Testing degree of damage or presence of deterioration or to understand the internal
condition and quality of concrete, approved test methods shall be used.
The scope of the condition assessment shall include all accessible structural elements and components
involved in lateral load resistance.
6.4 General Assumptions and Requirements

6.4.1 Modeling and Design

Seismic rehabilitation of concrete structural elements of existing buildings shall comply with the
requirements of ACI 318, except as otherwise indicated in this standard. Seismic evaluation shall identify
brittle or low-ductility failure modes of force-controlled actions as defined in Section 2.4.4.

6.4.2 Strength and Deformability

Actions in a structure shall be classified as being either deformation-controlled or force-controlled.

● Strengths used for deformation-controlled actions shall be taken
as equal to expected strengths, QCE, obtained experimentally, or

01 Deformation Controlled ●
calculated using accepted principles of mechanics.
Expected strength is defined as the mean maximum resistance
expected over the range of deformations to which the concrete
component is likely to be subjected.
● Strengths used for force-controlled actions shall be taken as lower-
bound strengths, QCL, obtained experimentally, or calculated
using established principles of mechanics.
02 Force Controlled ● Lower-bound strength is defined as the mean minus one standard
deviation of resistance expected over the range of deformations
and loading cycles to which the concrete component is likely to be
subjected.
 Linear Static and Dynamic
6.5 Concrete Moment Frames Nonlinear Static Nonlinear Dynamic
Procedures Procedure Procedure

Reinforced Beams shall be modeled considering

Reinforced Concrete flexural and shear stiffnesses,
● Framing components shall be beams (with or without slabs), columns, and their
For the NDP, the
Beam-Column
Concrete Beam-Moment connections. Beams and columns
complete hysteretic
including the effect of the slab acting
Frames ● Beams and columns shall beshall be modeled
of monolithic using
construction that provides for
1
1 Column Moment as a flange in
moment transfer
monolithic
concentrated plastic
behavior of each
Frames construction.Columns shallbetween
be beams and columns. component shall be
modeled●considering
Primary reinforcement
flexural, shear, in components contributingor
hinge models to lateral load resistance
distributed plastic hinge modeled using properties
and axial stiffnesses.
shall be nonJoints shall be
prestressed.
models. verified by experimental
modeled as either stiff or rigid
components. evidence.
Post-Tensioned ● Framing
Beams shall be modeledcomponents shall be beams (with or without slabs), columns, and their
considering
Post-Tensioned
Concrete Beam connections. Nonlinear load- For the NDP, the
flexural and shear stiffnesses,
Concrete Beam- deformation relations
Column Moment including●theFrames shall
effect of thebe monolithic construction that providescomplete
of acting
slab hysteretic
for moment transfer
2 Column Moment as a flange in monolithic
between and
beams and columns.
shall comply with the behavior of each
Frames
2 Frames composite construction.
● Primary Columns
reinforcement
requirements of Section component
in beams contributing shall be
6.4.1.2 and to lateral
the load resistance shall
shall be modeled considering modeled using properties
include post-tensioned reinforcement
reinforced with or without mild reinforcement.
concrete
flexural, shear, and axial stiffnesses.
frame requirements of verified by experimental
Joints shall be modeled as either stiff evidence.
Section 6.5.2.2.2.
or rigid components.
Slab-Column Moment ● Framing components shall be slabs (with or without beams in the transverse
Frames Slabs shall be modeled
direction), considering
columns, and their connections.
Slab-Column flexural, ●shear, and shall
torsional shall The requirements of
Frames be of(in the Slabs
monolithic and columns
construction that provides for moment transfer
3 Moment slab adjacent to slabs
between the andcolumn)
columns.be modeled using Sections 6.4.2 6.5.2.2.3
3 Frames stiffnesses. Columns shall be concentrated plastic for reinforced concrete
● Primary reinforcement in slabs contributing to lateral load resistance shall
modeled considering flexural, shear, hinge models, beam-column moment
include non
and axial stiffnesses. prestressed
Joints shall bereinforcement, prestressed
distributed plastic hingereinforcement, or both.
frames shall apply to
modeled as either stiff or rigid models slab-column moment
components.
frames.
Rehabilitation Measures
● The new materials should be designed and constructed to
Jacketing existing beams, columns, or act compositely with the existing concrete.
01 joints with new reinforced concrete,
steel, or fiber wrap overlays
● Jackets should be designed to provide increased connection
strength and improved continuity between adjacent
components.
Post-tensioning existing beams, ● Post-tensioned reinforcement should be unbonded

02 columns, or joints using external

post-tensioned reinforcement.
within a distance equal to twice the effective depth from
sections where inelastic action is expected.

● Example : where nonstructural elements or components

Modification of the element by
03 selective material removal from the
existing element.
interfere with the frame, removing or separating the
nonstructural elements or components to eliminate the
interference

● New cover concrete should be designed and

04 Improvement of deficient existing
reinforcement details.
constructed to achieve fully composite action with the
existing materials

Changing the building system to ● Examples include addition of supplementary lateral-force

05 reduce the demands on the existing
element.
resisting elements such as walls or buttresses, seismic
isolation, and mass reduction.

Changing the frame element to a

● Connections between new and existing materials should be
06 shear wall, infilled frame, or braced
frame element by addition of new
designed to transfer the forces anticipated for the design
load combinations.
material.
6.6 Precast Concrete Frames

● those precast beam column systems that are

Precast Concrete Frames that
01 Emulate Cast-in-Place Moment
Frames
interconnected using reinforcement and wet concrete to
create a system that resists lateral loads in a manner
similar to cast-in-place concrete systems.

● Frames of this classification shall be assembled using dry

joints (connections are made by bolting, welding, post-
tensioning, or other similar means) in a way that results in

02 Precast Concrete Moment Frames

Constructed with Dry Joints ●
significant lateral force resistance in the framing element.
Frames of this classification resist lateral loads either acting
alone, or acting in conjunction with shear walls, braced
frames, or other lateral load resisting elements in a dual
system.
● Frames of this classification shall be assembled using dry
joints in a way that does not result in significant lateral
Precast Concrete Frames Not force resistance in the framing element.
03 Expected to Resist Lateral Load
Directly
● Shear walls, braced frames, or moment frames provide the
entire lateral load resistance, with the precast concrete
frame system deforming in a manner that is compatible
with the structure as a whole.
6.7 Concrete Frames with Infills

● The analytical model for a concrete frame with masonry infills shall represent
strength, stiffness, and deformation capacity of beams, slabs, columns, beam
column joints, masonry infills, and all connections and components of the
element.
Concrete Frames ● For a concrete frame with masonry infill resisting lateral forces within its
1 with Masonry Infills plane, modeling of the response using a linear elastic model shall be
permitted provided that the infill will not crack when subjected to design
lateral forces.
● For a concrete frame with masonry infills that will crack when subjected to
design lateral forces, modeling of the response using a diagonally braced
frame model, in which the columns act as vertical chords, the beams act as
● horizontal
The ties,model
analytical and the
forinfill acts as frame
a concrete an equivalent compression
with concrete strut,
infills shall shall be
represent
permitted.
the strength, stiffness, and deformation capacity of beams, slabs, columns,
beam column joints, concrete infills, and all connections and components of
the elements.
Concrete Frames ● For low deformation levels, and for cases where the frame is relatively flexible,
2 with Concrete Infills the infilled frame shall be permitted to be modeled as a shear wall, with
openings modeled where they occur.
● In other cases, the frame-infill system shall be permitted to be modeled using
a braced-frame analogy such as that described for concrete frames with
masonry infills in Section 6.7.2.
6.8 Concrete Shear Walls

Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Component Types (from FEMA 306)

● Stronger than beam or spandrel elements that may frame
Isolated Wall
RC1 or Stronger into it so that nonlinear behavior (and damage) is generally Monolithic
Wall Pier concentrated at the base, with a flexural plastic hinge, shear reinforced
failure, etc. Includes isolated (cantilever) walls. concrete wall or
vertical wall
● Weaker than the spandrels to which it connects;
RC2 Weaker Wall
characterized by flexural hinging top and bottom, or shear
segment
Pier
failure, etc.
Weaker
RC3 Spandrel or ● Weaker than the wall piers to which it connects;
Coupling characterized by hinging at each end, shear failure, sliding
shear failure, etc Horizontal wall
Beam
segment or
RC4 Stronger
● Should not suffer damage because it is stronger than coupling beam
Spandrel attached piers. If this component is damaged, it should
probably be reclassified as RC3

RC5 Pier-Spandrel ● Typically not a critical area in RC walls Wall segment

Panel Zone
6.9 Precast Concrete Shear Walls
Precast concrete shear walls shall consist of story-high or half-story-high precast wall segments that are
made continuous through the use of either mechanical connectors or reinforcement splicing techniques with
or without a cast-in-place connection strip.

● that construction in which the reinforcement connections

01 Construction that Emulates Cast-

In-Place Shear Wall
are made to be stronger than the adjacent precast panels
so that the lateral load response of the precast wall system
will be comparable to that for monolithic shear walls.

02 Jointed Construction
● construction in which inelastic action is permitted to occur
at the connections between precast panels.

● special technique for precast wall construction where there

03 Tilt-up Construction
are vertical joints between adjacent panels and horizontal
joints at the foundation level, and where the roof or floor
diaphragm connects with the tilt-up panel.
6.10 Concrete-Braced Frames
Reinforced concrete-braced frames shall be defined as those frames with monolithic, non-prestressed,
reinforced concrete beams, columns, and diagonal braces that are coincident at beam-column joints and
that resist lateral loads primarily through truss action.

6.11 Cast-in-Place Concrete Diaphragms

Components of Concrete Diaphragms

● Slabs shall consist of cast-in-place concrete systems that, in
addition to supporting gravity loads, transmit inertial loads
01 Slabs developed within structure from one vertical lateral-force-
resisting element to another, and provide out-of-plane bracing
to other portions of the building.
● Collectors are components that serve to transmit the inertial
forces within the diaphragm to elements of the lateral-force-
02 Struts and Collectors
●
resisting system.
Struts are components of a structural diaphragm used to
provide continuity around an opening in the diaphragm.
● Components along diaphragm edges with increased

03 Diaphragm Chords
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, acting primarily to
resist tension and compression forces generated by bending
in the diaphragm.
6.12 Precast Concrete Diaphragms
Precast concrete diaphragms are elements composed primarily of precast components with or without
topping, that transmit shear forces from within a structure to vertical lateral-force-resisting elements.

Precast concrete diaphragms shall be classified as topped or untopped. A topped diaphragm shall be
defined as one that includes a reinforced structural concrete topping slab poured over the completed
precast horizontal system. An untopped diaphragm shall be defined as one constructed of precast
components without a structural cast-in-place topping.

6.13 Concrete Foundation Elements

Analysis of Existing Foundations

For concrete buildings with columns or walls cast monolithically with the foundation, the vertical structural
elements shall be considered fixed against rotation at the top of the foundation if the foundations and
supporting soil are shown to be capable of resisting the induced moments.

When columns are not monolithic with their foundations, or are designed to not resist flexural moments,
they shall be modeled with pinned ends.

Evaluation of Existing Condition

Allowable soil capacities (subgrade modulus, bearing pressure, passive pressure) and foundation
displacements for the selected performance level shall be as prescribed in Chapter 4 or as established with
project-specific data.
10. Simplified Rehabilitation
10.1 Scope

The Simplified Rehabilitation Method is intended primarily for use on a select group of simple buildings.

“Simplified Rehabilitation” reflects a level of analysis and design that is appropriate for small, regular
buildings and buildings that do not require advanced analytical procedures; and achieves the Life Safety
Performance Level for the BSE-1 Earthquake Hazard Level as defined in Chapter 1, but does not necessarily
achieve the Basic Safety Objective (BSO).

10.2 Procedure

The Simplified Rehabilitation Method only applies to buildings that fit into one of the Model Building Types
and conform to the limitations of Table 10-1, which sets the standard for simple, regularly configured
buildings defined in Table 10-2.

Within the table for each Model Building Type, each deficiency group is ranked from most critical at the top
to least critical at the bottom.
The ranking was based on the following characteristics of each deficiency group:
● Building systems: those with a discontinuous load path and
01 Most critical
●
little redundancy.
Building elements: those with low strength and low ductility.

● Building systems: those with a discontinuous load path but

02 Intermediate ●
substantial redundancy.
Building elements: those with substantial strength but low
ductility
● Building systems: those with a substantial load path but

03 Least critical ●
little redundancy.
Building elements: those with low strength but substantial
ductility

10.3 Correction of Deficiencies

Implementing a rehabilitation scheme that mitigates all of a building’s FEMA 310 deficiencies using the
Simplified Rehabilitation Method does not, in and of itself, achieve the Basic Safety Objective or any
Enhanced Rehabilitation Objective as defined in Chapter 2 since the rehabilitated building may not meet the
Collapse Prevention Structural Performance Level for the BSE-2 Earthquake Hazard Level.

If the goal is to attain the Basic Safety Objective as described in Chapter 2 or other Enhanced Rehabilitation
Objectives, this can be accomplished using the Systematic Rehabilitation Method defined in Chapter 2.
Thank You for Listening !