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RAID

The document provides an overview of RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks), detailing its purpose, benefits, and various configurations including mirroring, striping, and parity. It discusses different RAID levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 01, 53) and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it compares hardware and software RAID implementations and summarizes the key features and performance metrics of each RAID level.

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muthusaran
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29 views22 pages

RAID

The document provides an overview of RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks), detailing its purpose, benefits, and various configurations including mirroring, striping, and parity. It discusses different RAID levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 01, 53) and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it compares hardware and software RAID implementations and summarizes the key features and performance metrics of each RAID level.

Uploaded by

muthusaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RAID

AGENDA
• Introduction
• Need for raid
• Benefits
• Mirroring
• Striping
• Parity
• RAID Levels
• Summary
INTRODUCTION
 Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

◦ Combine multiple small, inexpensive disk


drives into a group to yield performance
exceeding that of one large, more expensive
drive
◦ Appear to the computer as a single virtual
drive
◦ Support fault-tolerance by redundantly storing
information in various ways
BENEFITS
• Provides real-time data recovery with
uninterrupted access when a hard drive fails

• Increases system uptime and network availability

• Protects against data loss

• Multiple drives working in parallel increases


system performance
Mirroring Disk One Disk Two

The easiest way to get high Data A Mirror A

availability
Data B Mirror B

Higher read performance Data C Mirror C

Main disadvantage : Data D Mirror D

Most expensive approach .


Striping
Disk One Disk Two

Splitting the bits of each byte across Data A Data B

multiple disks : bit – level striping


Data C Data D

Sectors are eight times the normal Data E Data F

Data G Data H

size


Parity
• Data are distributed across the array of disk drives
• Redundant disk capacity is used to store parity
information, which guarantees data recoverability in
case of a disk failure
Disk One Disk Two Disk Three

Data A Data B Check A+B

Data C Data D Check C+D

Data E Data F Check E+F

Data G Data H Check G+H


RAID Levels
RAID 0
Striping at the level of blocks
Data split across in drives resulting in higher data throughput
Performance is very good but the failure of any disk in the
array results in data loss
RAID 0 commonly referred to as striping

IDEAL USE
RAID 0 is ideal for non-critical storage of data that have
to be read/written at a high speed, e.g. on a Photoshop
image retouching station.
RAID 1
Expensive
 Performance Issues
-- No data loss if either drive fails
– Good read performance
– Reasonable write performance
 Cost / MB is high
 Commonly referred to as “mirroring”

Ideal use
RAID-1 is ideal for mission critical storage, for
instance for accounting systems.
RAID 0+1
Mirrored array whose segments are
RAID 0 arrays
Excellent solution for sites that need
high performance.

Disadvantages
A single drive failure will cause the whole array
Very expensive / High overhead
Very limited scalability at a very high inherent cost
RAID 1+0
Commonly known as RAID 10
Very High Reliability Combined with High Performance
RAID 10 has the same fault tolerance as RAID level 1
RAID 2
Hamming Code ECC

Each bit of data word is written to a data disk drive.


Each data word has its Hamming Code Error Correcting Code
(ECC) word recorded on the ECC disks. On Read, the ECC
code verifies correct data or corrects single disk errors.
RAID 3
Parallel Transfer with Parity
The data block is subdivided ('striped') and written on the
data disks. Stripe parity is generated on Writes, recorded
on the parity disk and checked on Reads.
RAID Level 3 requires a minimum of 3 drives to
implement.
RAID 4
Independent Data Disks with Shared Parity Disk
Each entire block is written onto a data disk. Parity for
same rank blocks is generated on Writes, recorded on the
parity disk and checked on Reads.
RAID Level 4 requires a minimum of 3 drives to
implement.
RAID 5
The most common type of RAID configuration in the
world, (for businesses).
Independent Data Disks with Distributed Parity
Blocks
RAID Level 5 requires a minimum of 3 drives to
implement.
Cont…
Advantages
Highest Read data transaction rate
Medium Write data transaction rate
Good aggregate transfer rate
Disadvantages
Disk failure has a medium impact on throughput
Most complex controller design
Difficult to rebuild in the event of a disk failure

Ideal use
 RAID 5 is a good all-round system that combines efficient
storage with excellent security and decent performance.
It is ideal for file and application servers.
RAID 6
Independent Data Disks with Two Independent
Distributed Parity Schemes
Cont…
Advantages
RAID 6 is essentially an extension of RAID level 5 which
allows for additional fault tolerance by using a second
independent distributed parity scheme
Perfect solution for mission critical applications
Disadvantages
Very poor write performance
Requires N+2 drives to implement because of two-
dimensional parity scheme
RAID 53
High Input/Output Rates and Data Transfer
Performance
RAID 53 should really be called 'RAID 03
RAID 53 has the same fault tolerance as RAID 3
High data transfer rates are achieved
Combinations of different
levels
 Combine two levels and get the advantages from
both
 Either hardware driven, software driven or a
combination of both
 Examples: 0+1, 1+0, 0+3, 3+0, 0+5, 5+0, 1+5, and
5+1.
Hardware vs. Software RAID
 Software RAID
◦ Software RAID: run on the server’s CPU
◦ Directly dependent on server CPU performance and
load
◦ Occupies host system memory and CPU operation,
degrading server performance

 Hardware RAID
◦ Hardware RAID: run on the RAID controller’s CPU
◦ Does not occupy any host system memory. Is not
operating system dependent
◦ Host CPU can execute applications while the array
adapter's processor simultaneously executes array
functions: true hardware multi-tasking
Comparing RAID Levels
RAID 0 RAID 1 RAID 5 RAID 10

Read High 2X High High

Write High 1X Medium High

Fault No Yes Yes Yes


tolerance

Disk High Low High Low


utilization

Key Data lost Use double Lower throughput Very expensive,


problems when any the disk space with disk failure not scalable
disk fails

Key High I/O Very high I/O A good overall High reliability
advantage performance performance balance with good
s performance
Summary
◦ Support fault-tolerance by redundantly storing
information in various ways
◦ Increases system uptime and network
availability
◦ Mirroring, Striping, Parity
◦ Raid levels
◦ RAID 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,10,01,53

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