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Physics 1 1

The document provides an overview of fundamental physics concepts relevant to engineers, including measurements of length, mass, and time, as well as systems of measurement in SI units. It covers topics such as motion in one and two dimensions, Newton's laws of motion, and the principles of dynamics and kinematics, illustrated with various examples and problems. Additionally, it discusses forces, equilibrium, and torque, emphasizing their applications in engineering contexts.

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12 views52 pages

Physics 1 1

The document provides an overview of fundamental physics concepts relevant to engineers, including measurements of length, mass, and time, as well as systems of measurement in SI units. It covers topics such as motion in one and two dimensions, Newton's laws of motion, and the principles of dynamics and kinematics, illustrated with various examples and problems. Additionally, it discusses forces, equilibrium, and torque, emphasizing their applications in engineering contexts.

Uploaded by

markcaronan1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics for

Engineers

J.CASILLA
Length, Mass, and Time

 Length
 is the measure of distance
 Mass
 is a quantity used to measure the resistance to a
change in the motion of an object
 Time
 time in physics is defined by its measurement
Systems of Measurement
Fundamental Quantities Standard Unit in SI

Length Meter

Mass Kilogram

Time Second

Temperature Kelvin

Luminous intensity Candela

Electric current Ampere

Amount of Substance Mole


Equivalent Prefix Abbreviation

10-18 atto- a

10-15 femto- f

10-12 pico- p

10-9 nano- n

10-6 micro- µ

10-3 milli- m

10-2 centi- c

103 kilo- k

106 mega- M

109 giga- G

1012 tera- T

1015 peta- P

1018 exa- E
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

 Dimensions
 denotes the physical nature of a quantity.
CONVERSION OF UNITS
Pre-lecture activity

minutes. Each of your steps is 0.7 m long. What


1. Using a pedometer, you walk 3000 steps in 20

is your speed in meters per second?

2. A snail travels 0.02 km in a week. What is its


average speed in meters per second?
MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

 Dynamics
 The study of motion and of physical concepts such as
force and mass

 Kinematics
 The part of dynamics that describes motion without
regard to its causes
DISPLACEMENT
VELOCITY
Example 1

 A turtle and a rabbit engage in a footrace over a


distance of 4.00 km. The rabbit runs 0.500 km and
then stops for a 90.0-min nap. Upon awakening, he
remembers the race and runs twice as fast.
Finishing the course in a total time of 1.75 h, the
rabbit wins the race. (a) Calculate the average
speed of the rabbit. (b) What was his average speed
before he stopped for a nap?
ACCELERATION
ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION WITH
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
Example 2

 (a) A race car starting from rest accelerates at a


constant rate of 5.00 m/s2. What is the velocity of
the car after it has traveled 1.00 x 102 ft? (b) How
much time has elapsed?
Example 3

A typical jetliner lands at a speed of 160 mi/h


and decelerates at the rate of (10 mi/h)/s. If
the plane travels at a constant speed of 160
mi/h for 1.0 s after landing before applying the
brakes, what is the total displacement of the
aircraft between touchdown on the runway
and coming to rest?
Seatwork
1.

2.
FREELY FALLING OBJECTS
A freely falling object is any object
moving freely under the influence of
gravity alone, regardless of its initial
motion.
 Objects thrown upward or downward and
those released from rest are all considered
freely falling.
Example 1
A stone is thrown from the top of a building with an
initial velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward, at an
initial height of 50.0 m above the ground. The stone
just misses the edge of the roof on its way down.
Determine (a) the time needed for the stone to reach
its maximum height, (b) the maximum height, (c) the
time needed for the stone to return to the height from
which it was thrown and the velocity of the stone at
that instant, (d) the time needed for the stone to
reach the ground, and (e) the velocity and position of
the stone at t 5.00 s.
Example 2

A rocket moves straight upward, starting from rest


with an acceleration of 29.4 m/s^2. It runs out of
fuel at the end of 4.00 s and continues to coast
upward, reaching a maximum height before falling
back to Earth. (a) Find the rocket’s velocity and
position at the end of 4.00 s. (b) Find the
maximum height the rocket reaches. (c) Find the
velocity the instant before the rocket crashes on
the ground.
QUIZ 1

1.

2.
MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS

 Objects that move in both the x- and y-


directions simultaneously under constant
acceleration. An important special case of
this two dimensional motion is called
projectile motion.
Example 3

An Alaskan rescue plane drops a package of


emergency rations to a stranded hiker. The plane
is traveling horizontally at 40.0 m/s at a height of
100 m above the ground. (a) Where does the
package strike the ground relative to the point at
which it was released? (b) What are the
horizontal and vertical components of the velocity
of the package just before it hits the ground?
Example 4
A long jumper leaves the ground at an angle of
20.0° to the horizontal and at a speed of 11.0
m/s. (a) How long does it take for him to reach
maximum height? (b) What is the maximum
height? (c) How far does he jump? (Assume his
motion is equivalent to that of a particle,
disregarding the motion of his arms and legs.)
THE LAWS OF
MOTION
OUTLINE
1 Forces
2 Newton’s First Law
3 Newton’s Second Law
4 Newton’s Third Law
5 Applications of Newton’s Laws
6 Forces of Friction
FORCE
Type of Forces

Weight
Essentially the force with which gravity pulls downward upon it
Tensile Force
Acting on a string, cable or chain is the applied force tending to
stretch it.
Friction Force
Tangential force acting on an object that opposes the sliding of
that object across adjacent surface with which it is in contact.
Normal Force
Supporting force that is perpendicular to the surface
Coefficient of friction
- ratio between the friction force and normal force. Unitless
- measure of the amount of friction existing between two surfaces.
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

 An object moves with a velocity that is constant in


magnitude and direction, unless acted on by a
nonzero net force.
Mass and Inertia

 Inertia
 tendency of an object to continue in its original
state of motion.
 Mass
a measure of the object’s resistance to changes
in its motion due to a force.
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

 The acceleration of an object is directly


proportional to the net force acting on it and
inversely proportional to its mass.
Ex.

 An airboat with mass kg, including passengers, has an


engine that produces a net horizontal force of N, after
accounting for forces of resistance (a) Find the acceleration
of the airboat. (b) Starting from rest, how long does it take
the airboat to reach a speed of 12.0 m/s? (c) After reaching
this speed, the pilot turns off the engine and drifts to a stop
over a distance of 50.0 m. Find the resistance force,
assuming it’s constant.
Seat work
Newton’s Third Law of Motion

The action force is equal in magnitude to the reaction


force and opposite in direction.
Examples involving the newton’s
law of motion
1. Find the weight on Earth of a body whose mass is ,
Applications of Newton’s Law:
“Equilibrium under the Action
of Concurrent Forces”
Concurrent Forces
Forces whose lines of action all pass through a
common point. The forces acting on a point object are
concurrent because they all pass through a common
point.
Condition for Equilibrium

In component form,

That is, the resultant of all external forces acting on


the object must be zero.
PROBLEM SOLUTION METHOD
(CONCURRENT FORCES):
(1.) Isolate the object for discussion.
(2.) Show the forces acting on the isolated object in diagram (free body
diagram)
(3.) Find the rectangular components of each force.
(4.) Write the condition for equilibrium in equation form.
(5.) Solve for the required quantities.
Example 1

Determine the magnitude of P and F necessary to


keep the concurrent force system in Figure below in
equilibrium.
Example 2

The tension of the horizontal cord is . Find the weight of the object
Example 3

A rope extends between two poles. A boy hangs from it. Find the
tensions in the two parts of the rope.
Activity 1
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
under Coplanar Forces
TORQUE(Moment) – it is a measure of
effectiveness of the force in producing rotation
about that axis.

R = radial distance
= acute angle of lines-of-action of r and F
The two conditions for Equilibrium
 Force condition: The vector sum of all forces acting
on the body must be zero.

 Torque condition: Take an axis perpendicular to the


plane of the coplanar forces. Call the torques that
tend to cause clockwise rotation about the axis
negative, and counter clockwise torques positive:
then the sum of all torques acting on the object
must be zero.
Let us consider…

Find the torque about axis A.


Example 1.

A uniform beam of length weighs and holds a object.


Find the magnitude of the forces exerted on the beam
by the two supports at its ends. Assume the lengths
are exact.
Example 2
A uniform, pipe is used as a lever. Where must the
fulcrum be placed if a weight at one end is to balance
a weight at the other end? What is the reaction force
exerted by the support on the pipe?

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