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Introductory Concepts

The document covers introductory concepts in mechatronics, focusing on the distinction between analog and digital systems, including the need for ADC and DAC. It explains the advantages and limitations of digital systems, outlines the binary number system, and describes the major components of digital computers. Additionally, it differentiates between microprocessors and microcontrollers in terms of complexity and functionality.

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14 views13 pages

Introductory Concepts

The document covers introductory concepts in mechatronics, focusing on the distinction between analog and digital systems, including the need for ADC and DAC. It explains the advantages and limitations of digital systems, outlines the binary number system, and describes the major components of digital computers. Additionally, it differentiates between microprocessors and microcontrollers in terms of complexity and functionality.

Uploaded by

hakim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KIG2020: Mechatronic

II
Sem II session 2023/2024
Prof Datin Ir Dr Bushroa
Introductory concepts

• Distinguish between analog and digital representation


• Understand the need for analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and
digital-to-analog converters (DAC)
• Understand binary number system and its conversion
• Identify typical digital signal and timing diagram
• Describe major parts of digital computer and functions.
• Distinguish between microprocessor and microcontrollers.
Analog versus Digital
• Numerical representations (quantities)
• Quantitities: measurement that are measured, monitored, recorded, etc
• Numerical values to be efficient and accurate
• Analog: quantity is represented by a continuously variable
• Eg: mercury thermometer (height in the column is proportional to the
temperature)
• In electrical analog, this physical quantity is being measured/processed,
converted to proportional voltage or current (electrical signal).
• Voltage or current is then used by the system to display, processing or
control purposes.
• Digital: quantity is represented by noncontinuous variable indicator but by
symbols called digits.
• Eg: digital clock
• Reading does not change continuously but rather steps of one per minute
or sec
• Digital representation in discrete steps
• Summary
• Analog: continuous. Not necessary exact.
• Digital system: exact value is
not important
• Binary 0: from 0 V – 0.8 V
• Binary 1: from 2 V – 5 V
• Analog system: exact value is
important
• Temperature transducer
(3.6 V is different than
4.3 V)
Advantages and Limitation

• Advantages
• Digital systems are really generally easier to design
• Information storage is easy
• Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain throughout the
system
• Operation can be programmed
• Digital circuits are less affected by noise
• More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips
• Limitation
• The real world is analog
• Processing digitized signals takes time
• See figure: Typical system combines analog and digital (hybrid system)
• A user pushes button to set desired temperature
• A temperature sensor in the heated space converts the measured temperature to
a proportional voltage
• This analog voltage is converted to a digital quantity by ADC
• This value is then compared to the desired value and used to determine a digital
value of how much heat is needed
• The digital value is converted to analog (voltage) by DAC.
• This voltage is applied to a heating element.
• The future is digital.
Digital number systems
• Many number systems are used in digital technology
• Decimal, binary, octal and hexa
• Decimal counting
• Count from 0 to 9 and add 1 to next level (numbering pattern)
• 0 – 9 : - 1;
• 0- 99 : - 1; so on
• - 1; with n is different number
• Binary system (base-2 system)
• Only two symbols (0 and 1). However, it can represent any quantity of
numbers
• Eg:

• Binary system is abbrev to term bit


• 1011.1012:
• Most significant bit: 4 bits integer number
• (LSB = 1)
• See the table

• Binary digit  bit


• 8 bits ~ 1 byte
Digital computers
• Digital computer
• A system of hardware that performs arithmetic
operations, manipulates data (usually in binary
form) and makes decisions.
• Major parts (see Figure)
• Input unit: complete set of instructions and data
• (e.g. punched cards, magnetic tape, keyboard)
• Memory unit: stores instructions and data. Also
supplies info to the output unit
• Control unit: takes instructions from memory unit
one at a time and interprets them. Send
appropriated signal to other units
• Arithmetic/logic unit: all arithmetic calculations and
logical decisions are performed in this unit
• Output unit: takes data from memory unit, display
and presents
Digital computers_cont’d

• Microprocessor versus microcontroller


• Microprocessor
• only consists of Central Processing Unit
• uses external bus to interface to ROM, RAM, and other peripherals
• used in personal computers
• complicated in nature, with a large set of instructions to process.
• Microcontroller
• have all the elements of a complete computer (CPU, memory, and
input/output ports), all contained on a single integrated circuit
• not that expensive and less complex with fewer instructions to process.
Reference

• Chapter 1:
Introductory concepts

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