Introduction to

CRIMINOLOGY
CRIMINOLOGY

• derived from the Latin word CRIMEN, which means "accusation";

• derived from the Greek word LOGIA, which denote "study of";
• in 1885 the Italian Law Professor Raffaele Garofalo coined the term
Criminologia;
• French Anthropologist Paul Topinard used an analogous French term
"Criminologie";
Criminology
• It is also referring to the entire body of knowledge
regarding crimes, criminals, and the effort of the
society to prevent and repress them(Maglinao)
• refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and
victims, it also deals with the prevention, and solution
of crimes (RA 11131)
PURPOSES OF STUDYING
CRIMINOLOGY
• To prevent the crime problem
• To understand crimes and criminals
• To prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific crime
detection
• To develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees and due
process of law in the administration of justice.
• To foster a higher concept of citizenry and leadership together with an
understanding of one moral and legal responsibilities to his
fellowmen, his community and the nation.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT OF
CRIMINOLOGY
1. Criminal Etiology (Origin)-Deals with the scientific study of the causes
of crimes. It tries to find explanations as to what causes a criminal
behavior in an individual and determine the different factors that
contribute to crime causation.
2. Sociology of Law- Refers to the study of the nature of criminal law
and its administration. It is the scientific analysis of the conditions
under which criminal laws develop as a process of social control.
3. Penology- is the study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation
of the offender. It is a branch of criminology which deals with the
treatment, management and administration of inmates.
NATURE OR CHARACTERISTIC OF CRIMINOLOGY
• As an Applied Science – In the study of the causes of crimes;
anthropology, psychology, sociology and other natural sciences may be
applied. While in crime detection, chemistry, medicine, physics,
mathematics, ballistics, polygraphy, questioned document examination
may be utilized.
• Criminology as a Social Science - Since crime is a social creation and that it
exists in the society, its study therefore is considered part of social science.
• Criminology is Dynamic - Criminology changes as social condition changes.
It is concomitant with the advancement of other sciences that have been
applied to it.
• Criminology is Nationalistic - The study of crimes must be in relation with
the existing criminal law within a territory or country. This is so because
the power to define and punish crime is enjoyed by the State as cited by
the Supreme Court.
FACTORS ENHANCING
CRIMINALITY
• Criminal demography - study of the relationship between criminality
and population
• Criminal epidemiology - study of the relationship between environment
and criminality
• Criminal ecology - study of criminality in relation to the spatial
distribution in a community
• Criminal physical anthropology - study of criminality in relation to
physical constitution of men
• Criminal psychology - study of human behavior in relation to criminality
• Criminal psychiatry - study of human mind in relation to criminality
• Victimology - study of the role of the victim in the commission of a crime
CRIME AND CRIMINAL LAW
Crime – it is an act committed or omitted in violation of public
law forbidding or commanding it: Crime could be in the form
of:

• Felonies- act or omission punishable by Under Revised Penal

Code
• Offense – act or omission in violation of special penal law
• Infraction – act or omission in violation of city/municipal
ordinance
WHAT IS CRIME?
In the legal point of view, it refers to any violation or infraction of the
existing policies, laws, rules and regulations of the society.

Crime is an act committed or omitted in violation of law, commanding or

forbidding it. An act that is injurious, detrimental or harmful to the norms of
the society. It is generic term that refers to offense, felony and delinquency or
misdemeanor.

There is a difference between an act committed and an act omitted. An

act committed refers to a crime of commission. There is a crime of commission
when the act performed is in violation of a law forbidding it. On the other
hand, an act omitted refers to crime of omission. It is a crime of omission
when the person failed to performed an act that is commanded by law.
 Criminal laws explicitly state what actions are
prohibited, what actions are required to be done
and provided for the penalties or punishments to
be imposed in case of violation of the laws.
Without laws that prohibit the act, the act cannot
be called a crime. This is the essence of the Latin
principle,” nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege,
that is, “there is no crime where there is no law
punishing it”.
Triangle of Crime
The wanting of the
person to commit the
crime. Desire The ability or
The physical
the means of
possibility for
the offender to
crime to be
commit the
committed/ The
crime i.g. skills,
chance that the
methods etc.

ity
offender must

Ca y
have to commit
n
tu

pa
the crime
or

bi
pp

lit
O
SUB-CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
Criminal Law Crimes
Revised Penal Code Felonies
(Act 3815)
Special Penal Laws Offenses

Ordinances Infraction of Law

Delinquency = act not inconformity with the norms

of society.
Classes of Crimes
1. Crime Mala in Se = Acts that are outlawed because
they violate basic moral values such as rape, murder,
assault and robbery.

2. Crime Mala prohibita= acts that are outlawed because

they clash with current norms and public opinion,
such as tax, traffic and drug laws.
LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
1) as to the manner crimes are
committed:
a) by means of dolo or deceit- exist
malice or deliberate intent.
b) by means of culpa or fault-the felony
results from negligence, imprudence, lack of foresight or
lack of skill.
2) as to the stages in the commission of crimes:
• Attempted crime - when the offender commences the
commission of a crime directly by overt acts and does not
perform all the acts of execution which should produce the
felony by reason of some cause or accident other than his
own spontaneous desistance
• Frustrated crime – when the offender has performed all
the acts of execution which will produce the felony as a
consequence but which nevertheless do not produce it, by
reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator
• Consummated crime – when all the elements necessary
for its execution and accomplishment are present .
3) according to plurality:
• simple crime – single act constituting only one
offense
Ex. Theft, Robbery, Homicide, Murder, Libel
• complex crime – single act constituting two or
more grave felonies (compound crime) or an is a
necessary means for committing the other
(complex crime proper).
Ex. Robbery with Homicide, Rape with
homicide, Arson resulting in death and damage
to property.
4) according to gravity:
a) a) grave felonies – those to which the law
attaches the capital punishment or afflictive
penalties (the imprisonment is more than 6 years or fine of
more than P6,000.00.)
b) less grave felonies – those to which the law
attaches correctional penalties ..(imprisonment of more
than one month but not more than 6 years or fine of P200.00
but not more than P6,000.00)
c) light felonies – those to which the law attaches
the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not
exceeding P200.00 (the penalty is imprisonment of one
day to thirty days or fine of not more than P200.00)
 CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
CRIMES
1) According to the result of the crime:
a. acquisitive crime – the offender acquires
something e.g. theft, robbery and estafa.
b. extinctive crime – the consequence of the act is
destructive e.g. homicide, murder, parricide and
arson.
2) According to the place or location:
a) static crime – committed in only one place.
b) continuing crime – committed in several places.
3) According to the use of mental
faculties:
a) rational crime – committed with
intent and the offender is in full
possession of his sanity.
b) irrational crime – committed by an
offender who does not know the nature
and quality of his act on account of the
disease of the mind.
4) According to the type of offender:
• a) white-collar crime – committed by a
person belonging to the upper socio-
economic class in the course of his
occupational activities.
ex. Graft and Corruption, Plunder, Money
Laundering, etc.
• b) blue-collar crime – committed by
ordinary professional criminal to maintain
his livelihood.
ex. Shoplifting, theft etc.
5) According to the time or period of the
commission of the crime:
• a) seasonal crime – committed only during
a certain period of the year .
• b) situational crime – committed only
when the situation is conducive to its
commission
6) According to the length of time of the
commission of the crime:
• a) instant crime – committed in the
shortest possible time
• b) episoidal crime – committed by a series
of acts in a lengthy space of time
CRIMINAL
In the legal sense, a criminal is any person who has
been found to have committed a wrongful act in the
course of the standard judicial process; there must be a
final verdict of his guilt.
In the criminological sense, a person is already
considered a criminal the moment he committed a
crime.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS
1) On the basis of etiology:
• a) acute criminals – persons who violate
criminal law because of the impulse of the
moment, fit of passion or anger
• b) chronic criminals – persons who acted
in consonance with deliberated thinking,
such as:
b.1)neurotic criminals – persons whose
actions arise from the intra-psychic
conflict between the social and anti-
social components of his personality

b.2)normal criminals – persons whose

psychic organization resembles that of a
normal individual except that he
identifies himself with criminal prototype
2) on the basis of behavioral system:
a) ordinary criminals – the lowest form of
criminal career; they engage only in conventional
crimes which require limited skill
b) organized criminals – these criminals have a
high degree of organization that enables them to
commit crimes without being detected and
committed to specialized activities which can be
operated in large scale businesses.
c) professional criminals – these are highly
skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of
money without being detected because of
organization and contact with other professional
criminals
3) on the basis of activities:
a) professional criminals – those who earn
their living through criminal activities
b) accidental criminals – those who commit
criminal acts as a result of unanticipated
circumstances.
c) habitual criminals – those who continue to
commit criminal acts for such diverse reasons due
to deficiency of intelligence and lack of control.
d) situational criminals – those who are
actually not criminals but get in trouble with legal
authorities because they commit crimes
intermixed with legitimate economic activities.
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF CRIMINAL LAW

CRIMINAL LAW or PENAL LAW

that branch of public law which defines crimes, treats of their nature
and provides for their punishment

REVISED PENAL CODE (ACT 3815)

• the book that contains the Philippine criminal law
• effectivity of the RPC is 1 January 1932
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINAL LAW

1) It is general in application/ GENERALITY:

The provisions of the criminal or penal law must be
applied equally to all persons within the territory
regardless of sex, race, nationality and other personal
circumstances, with the following exceptions:
• heads of state or country
• foreign diplomats and ambassadors
2) It is territorial in character/ TERRITORIALITY:
As part of the right of a state to self-preservation, each
independent country has the right to promulgate laws enforceable
within its territorial jurisdiction, subject only to the limitations imposed
by treaties of preferential applications and by the operation of
international law of nations. The Revised Penal Code and the other
special laws are applicable only to the areas within the Philippine
territorial jurisdiction, such as:
a) Philippine archipelago – all the islands that comprise the
Philippines
b) atmosphere water – all bodies of water that connect all the
islands such as bays, rivers and streams
c) maritime zone – the three (3) mile limit beyond our shore
measured at low tide
3) It is prospective or irretrospective/PROSPECTIVITY:
No person may be punished for his act when at the time he
committed the act, it is still not yet punishable by law. However, penal
laws may be given retroactive effect when it is favorable to the accused.
4) It is specific and definite.
Criminal law must give a strict definition of a specific act which
constitutes an offense. Where there is doubt as to whether a definition
embodied in the Revised Penal Code applies to the accused or not, the
judge is obligated to decide the case in favor of the accused. Criminal law
must be construed liberally in favor of the accused and strictly against
the state.
5) It is uniform in application.
An act described as a crime is a crime no matter who committed
it, wherever committed in the Philippines and whenever committed.
No exceptions must be made as to the criminal liability. The definition
of crimes together with the corresponding punishment must be
uniformly construed, although there may be a difference in the
enforcement of a given specific provision of the penal law.
6) There must be a penal sanction or punishment.
Penal sanction is the most essential part of the definition of the
crime. If there is no penalty to a prohibited act, its enforcement will
almost be impossible. The penalty is acting as a deterrence and as a
measure of self-defense of the state to protect society from the threat
and wrong inflicted by the criminal.
PREHISTORIC CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
Primitive Tribes
- Punishment may be in the form of ostracism and
expulsion.
- Adultery may be punished by the aggrieved husband
who may kill the adulterer and his own offending wife.
- Crime may be avenged by the victim himself or by the
victim’s family.

Sumerian Code = (King Dungi) hundred years earlier than Code of

Hammurabi made from clay tablets.
1) CODE OF HAMMURABI
- Hammurabi, the king of Babylon during the eighteenth century
BC, is recognized as the first codifier of laws
- It provides the first comprehensive view of the laws in the early
days.
- The Code was carved in stone.
- Principle of “Lex Taliones” or “Oculo pro oculo, dente pro dente” or
the principle of “tit for tat”,(an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth) = the
principle which is basically describing the Code of Hammurabi.
- Under the principle of the law of talion, the punishment should
be the same as the harm inflicted on the victim
2) THE HITTITES
The Hittites existed about two centuries after Hammurabi and
eventually conquered Babylon
Highlights of the laws of the Hittites:
- Capital punishment was used for many offenses, except for
homicide or robbery.
- Rape, sexual intercourse with animals, defiance of the authority
and sorcery were all punishable by death.
- The law of homicide provided for the restitution to the victim’s
heirs.
- Law enforcement and judicial functions were placed in the hands
of commanders of military garrisons.
3) CODE OF DRAKON
- knows as the “ultimate in severity”
- codified by Drakon, the Athenian lawgiver of the seventh
century BC
Highlights of the Code of Drakon:
- Death was the punishment for almost every offense
- Murderers might avoid execution by going into exile; if
they return to Athens, it was not a crime to kill them
- Death penalty was administered with great brutality
4) LAWS OF SOLON
- Solon was appointed archon and was given legislative powers
- Solon repealed all the laws of the Code of Drakon, except the law
on homicide
- Solon was one of the first to see that a lawgiver had to make laws
that applied equally to all citizens and also saw that the law of
punishment had to maintain proportionality to the crimes committed
Highlights of the Laws of Solon:
- The thief was required to return stolen property and pay the
victim a sum equal to twice its value.
- For the crime of temple robbery, the penalty was death.
- For rape of a woman, the penalty was a fine of certain amount.
5) ROME’S TWELVE TABLES
• Roman law began with the Twelve Tables which were written in the middle of the
sixth century BC.
• The Twelve Tables were the foundation of all laws in Rome and written in tablets of
bronze.
• The Twelve Tables were drafted by the Decemvirs, a body of men composed of
patricians.

Highlights of the Twelve Tables:

• if a man break another’s limb and does not compensate the injury, he shall be liable
to retaliation
• a person who committed arson of a house or a stack of corn shall be burned alive
• judges who accepted bribes as well as those who bribed them were subject to
execution
• any act of treason was punishable by crucifixion
Brief History of Criminology
• Records during the Middle Ages ( 1200-1600), people who
violated social norms or religious practices were believed to
be witches or possessed by demons on under the influences
of evil spirits.
• It was a common practice during those times, to used cruel
torture to extract confessions.
• Those convicted of violent crimes or theft crimes
suffered extremely harsh penalties, including
whipping, branding, maiming, and execution.
• An estimated 100,000 people were prosecuted in
Europe for witchcraft during 16th and 17th century.
School of thoughts = is a term that
refers to a group of beliefs or ideas that
support a specific theory.
Theory = is a set of statements devised
to explain behaviors, events or
phenomenon, especially one that has
been repeatedly tested and widely
accepted.
 Demonology Theory - It states that people commit crime
because they are possessed by evil spirits, According to this
explanation individuals were thought to be possessed by good
or evil spirits, which cause good or evil behavior. The theory
maintains that criminal behavior was believed to be the result
of evil spirits and demons something of natural force that
controls his/her behavior
This theory has long been REJECTED obviously
because such belief is not supported by any concrete
proof and can not be studied and verified using a
scientific method.
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN
CRIMINOLOGY
• CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
This school of thought is based on the assumption that
individuals choose to commit crimes after
weighing the consequences of their actions.
According to classical criminologists, individuals have
free will. They can choose legal or illegal means to get
what they want, fear of punishment can deter them
from committing crime and society can control
behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than
the pleasure of the criminal gains.
This theory, however, does not give any distinction between an
adult and a minor or a mentally-handicapped in as far as free will is
concerned.
1) CESARE BONESANA MARCHESE DI BECCARIA or CESARE BECCARIA
(1738-1794)
• published a book entitled “On Crimes and Punishment” in 1764; this
book presented a coherent and comprehensive design for an
enlightened criminal justice system that was to serve the people
• his book contains almost all modern penal reforms but its greatest
contribution was the foundation it laid for subsequent changes in
criminal legislation
• his book was influential in the reforms of penal code in France, Russia,
Prussia and it influenced the first ten amendments to the US
Constitution
HIGHLIGHTS OF CESARE BECCARIA’S IDEAS REGARDING CRIMES AND THE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

• “In forming a human society, men and women sacrifice a portion of their
liberty so as to enjoy peace and security.”
• “Punishments that go beyond the need of preserving the public safety are
in their nature unjust.”
• “Criminal laws must be clear and certain. Judges must make uniform
judgments in similar crimes.”
• “The law must specify the degree of evidence that will justify the
detention of an accused offender prior to his trial.”
• “Accusations must be public. False accusations should be severely
punished.”
• “To torture accused offenders to obtain a confession is inadmissible.”
• “The promptitude of punishment is one of the most effective curbs on
crime.”
• “The aim of punishment can only be to prevent the criminal from
committing new crimes against his countrymen, and to keep others
from doing likewise. Punishments, therefore, and the method of
inflicting them, should be chosen in due proportion to the crime, so as
to make the most lasting impression on the minds of men…”
• “Capital punishment is inefficacious and its place should be
substituted life imprisonment.”
• “It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. That is the chief
purpose of all good legislation.”
JEREMY BENTHAM
• founded the concept of UTILITARIANISM – assumes that all our actions
are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure
and pain
• devised the pseudo-mathematical formula called “felicific calculus”
which states that individuals are human calculators who put all the
factors into an equation in order to decide whether a particular crime is
worth committing or not
• he reasoned that in order to deter individuals from committing crimes,
the punishment, or pain, must be greater than the satisfaction, or
pleasure, he would gain from committing the crime
NEOCLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
This theory modified the doctrine of free
will by stating that free will of men may be
affected by other factors and crime is
committed due to some compelling reasons
that prevail. These causes are pathology,
incompetence, insanity or any condition that
will make it impossible for the individual
to exercise free will entirely. In the study
of legal provisions, this is termed as either
mitigating or exempting circumstances.
POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY = The school of thoughts
that criminal behavior is based on biological, psychological and
social factors. The shift from the Philosophical to scientific
approach in explaining the causes of crime.
Positive theorists were the first to claim the
importance of looking at individual difference
among criminals. These theorists who
concentrated on the individual structures of a
person, stated that people are passive and
controlled, whose behaviors are imposed upon
them by biological and environmental factors.
Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte or
AUGUST COMTE

• considered the FATHER OF POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

AND SOCIOLOGY
• applied scientific methods in the study of society from where he
adopted the word “sociology”
• his work prompted scientific studies of human social behavior
 Cesare
Lombroso
• known as the father of modern criminology, althought most of his ideas
have been discribed today.
• After completing his medical studies, Lombroso served as an army physician, became
a professor of psychiatry at the University of Turin, and later in his life accepted an
appoinment as professor of criminal anthropology.
• he claimed that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence
of atavistic stigmata – the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of
development
• he asserted that crimes are committed by those who are born with certain
recognizable hereditary traits
• according to his theory, criminals are usually in
possession of huge jaws and strong canine teeth, the arm
span of criminals is often greater than their height, just
like that of apes who use their forearms to push
themselves along the ground
• other physical stigmata include deviation in head size and
shape, asymmetry of the face, excessive dimensions of
the jaw and cheekbones, eye defects and peculiarities,
ears of unusual size, nose twisted, upturned or flattened
in thieves, or aqualine or beaklike in murderers, fleshy
lips, swollen and protruding, and pouches in the cheek
like those of animal’s toes
• Lombroso’s work supported the idea that the criminal was a
biologically and physically inferior person
• according to him, there are three (3) classes of criminals:
1. born criminals – individuals with at least five (5) atavistic
stigmata
2. insane criminals – those who are not criminals by birth;
they become criminals as a result of some changes in their
brains which interfere with their ability to distinguish
between right and wrong
3. criminaloids - those with make up of an ambiguous group
that includes habitual criminals, criminals by passion and
other diverse types
ENRICO FERRI
• Member of the Italian Parliament;
• He believed that criminals could not be held
morally responsible because they did not
choose to commit crimes but was driven to
commit them by conditions of their lives.
Classification of Criminals which consists of five types:
1. Born Criminal- has a congenital predisposition for
crime.
2. Insane Criminal- suffering from some clinical form
of mental alienation.
3. Habitual criminal- one who has acquired the
habit of crime mainly through the ineffective
measures employed by society for the prevention
and repression of crime.
4. Occasional Criminal- one who commits very
insignificant criminal acts more because he is led astray
by his conditions of life than because the aggressive
energy of a degenerate personality impels him.
5. Passionate Criminal- one who commits crime because
of passion or revenge.
 RAFFAELLE GAROFALO

• Italian magistrate, senator and professor

of law;
• He rejected the doctrine of free will and
supported the position that the only way
to understand crime was study it by
scientific methods;
• He traced the roots of criminal behavior
not to physical features but to their
psychological equivalent which he
referred to as moral anomalies
 Gabriel Tarde
• Introduced the Theory of Imitation, which
governs the process by which people became
criminal;
• According to him, individuals emulates behavior
patterns in much the same way that they copy
style dress;
• Pattern (1) individual imitate others in
proportion to the intensity of and frequency of
their contacts;
• Pattern (2) inferiors imitate superiors;
• Pattern (3) when two behavior pattern clash,
one may take the place of the other
Biological Determinism
This refers to the set of theories that point to physical ,
physiological and other natural factors as the causes for the
commission of crimes of certain individuals.

Physiognomy- is the study of facial features and their relation to

human behavior.
Giambatista dela Porta (1535-1615) - Italian physician who founded
the school of human physiognomy, the study of facial features and
their relation to human behavior; the study of judging a person’s
character from facial features to determine whether the shape of
the ears, nose and eyes and the distances between them were
associated with anti-social behavior . Thieves, for instance, were
said to have large lips and sharp vision.
Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741-1901)- Swiss theologian who
supported the belief of Dela Porta, he studied physiognomy and
viewed that people’s true characters and inclinations could be read
from their facial features. He studied the facial features of criminals
to determine whether the shape of ears, nose, and eyes and the
distance between them were associated with anti-social behavior.
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) –
• born in Germany, a renowned neuroanatomist and physiologist and a
pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain
•- developed cranioscopy, a method to study the personality and
development of mental and moral faculties based on the external
shape of the skull
•- cranioscopy was later renamed as phrenology, the study that
deals with the relationship between the skull and human behavior.

Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (1776-1832)- German phrenologist

who was the assistant of Gall and was the man most singularly
responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to a wide
audience.
CHARLES GORING
- also studied phrenology or craniology which deals with the study
of the external formation of the skull indicating the conformation of the
brain and the development of its various parts which is directly related to
the behavior of the criminal
- he believed that criminal characteristics were inherited and
recommended that people with such characteristics should not be
allowed to reproduce
- according to him, people with epilepsy, insanity and
feeblemindedness were among those who should not be allowed to have
children
PHYSIOLOGY OR SOMATOTYPE
-refers to the study of the body build of a person in
relation to his temperament and personality and the
type of offense he is most prone to commit.
- This posits that make them susceptible to particular
types of delinquent behavior (Siegel,2004)
- Some books also refer to this as Somatology and body –
type theories.
Ernst Kretchmer(1888-1964) - German psychiatrist who studied
philosophy and medicine at the University of Tubingen. He attempted to
correlate body build and constitution with characters of temperamental
reactions and mentally. He distinguished thee (3) principal types of
physiques:
• Asthenic –thin, small, weak, lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders;
their crimes are petty thievery and fraud;
• athletic - medium to tall, strong, muscular, coarse bones; they are
usually connected with crimes of violence;
• pyknic - medium height, rounded figures, massive neck, broad
face; they tend to commit deception, fraud and violence.
William Sheldon - Sheldon is an influenced of the
Somatotype School of Criminology, which related
body built to behavior. He became popular of his
own Somatotyping Theory. Sheldon’s
“Somatotyping Theory” maintains the belief of
inheritance as the primary determinants of
behavior and the physique is a reliable indicator of
personality.
CLASSIFICATION OF
BODY PHYSIQUE BY
SHELDON

Associated personality traits

 Love of food
 Love of comfort
 evenness of emotion
 Sociable
 Good humored
Associated Criminal behavior
•Proneness to crimes involving deceit and fraud
Mesomorph – they have
wide shoulder and a narrow waist,
rectangular shape body, and overly Associated personality traits
matured appearance.
Adventurous
Desire for power and dominance
Courageous
Competitive
Love of risk and chance
Zest for physical activity
assertive and bold
Associated Criminal behavior
Prone to violent crimes or acts
Prone to sexual assault
Ectomorph – tall but Associated personality traits
slightly muscled, and Self-conscious
young appearance. preference for privacy
Ectomorphs are usually Introverted
referred to as slim. Socially anxious
Artistic and mentally intense
Emotionally restrained
Associated Criminal behavior
Proneness to crime against property
 Type of Physique Temperament

Endomorph- relatively large digestive Viscerotonic - generally relax and

viscera; soft round body; short, tapering comfortable person, loves luxury and
limbs and small bones. essentially extrovert.
Mesomorph - with relative Romotonic - active, dynamic; walks and
predominance of muscles, bones and talks assertively and behaves aggressively
motor organs of the body with large wrist
and hands.
Ectomorph - thin physique, flat chest, Cerebrotonic - tend to look more fatigue
delicacy through the body, slender, and withdrawn; introvert, full of
poorly muscled. complaints and allergies, and with
sensitive skin.
• Heredity
• -is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring’s.
- Studies have been conducted , as to the relationship of
genetics to criminality. The findings of certain studies
conducted, such as twin studies and adoption studies ,
support the theory that criminal tendencies can be
inherited.
- This studies strengthen the theory that since criminal
characteristics can be inherited, children of criminal
parents have a greater chance of becoming criminals
themselves.
Richard Louis Dugdale – he was an American
Sociologist
- he studied the lives of the members of the JUKES FAMILY and referred
to ADA JUKES as the MOTHER OF CRIMINALS
- he discovered that from among the descendants of Ada Jukes,
there were 280 paupers, 60 thieves, 7 murderers, 40 other criminals, 40
persons with venereal diseases and 50 prostitutes
- he claimed that since families produce generations of criminals,
they must have been transmitting degenerate traits down the line
 The Role of Heredity
• The Juke Family;
• During the early 20th century a famous author Dugdale,
studied the known Juke Family, to prove that antisocial
behavior was genetic.
• Juke, the elder, was a salesman who sired several
children born out of wedlock whose mothers were
mostly from brothel because, with some bad
reputation.
• Out of these illegitimate children were criminals,
Robbers, embezzlers, forgers, prostitutes, and
members of the underworld.
• Dugdale concluded in his study of the Jukes that certain
people have bad genes and are born to be criminals.
• Such bad genes can be transferred from one generation to
the next generation.
• Edwards
• 1 U.S. Vice-President (Aaron Burr)
• 3 U.S. Senators
• 3 governors
• 3 mayors
• 13 college presidents
• 30 judges
• 65 professors
• 80 public office holders
• 100 lawyers
• 100 missionaries, pastors and
theologians.
• Jukes
• 310 of the 1,200 were professional paupers—
more than one in four.
• 300 of the 1,200—one in four—died in infancy
from lack of good care and good conditions.
• 50 women who lived lives of notorious
debauchery.
• 400 men and women were physically wrecked
early by their own wickedness.
• 7 were murderers.
• 60 were habitual thieves who spent on the
average twelve years each in lawlessness.
• 130 criminals who were convicted more or less
often of crime.
The Juke Family
Henry Herbert Goddard (1866-1957)
-he studied the lives of the KALLIKAK FAMILY and found that
among the descendants from MARTIN KALLIKAK’s relationship
with a feeble-minded lady, there were 143 feeble-minded and
only 46 normal, 36 were illegitimate, 3 epileptics, 3 criminals, 8
kept brothels and 82 died of infancy; his marriage with a woman
from a good family produced almost all normal descendants,
only 2 were alcoholics, 1 was convicted of religious offense, 15
died at infancy and no one became criminal or epileptic.
INTELLIGENCE AS A FACTOR IN CRIMINALITY

The classic studies of the Juke and Kallikak families

were among the first to show that feeblemindedness or
low-intelligence can be inherited and transferred from
one generation to the next. Numerous test were also
conducted that lead to the development of the use of IQ
tests as a testing procedure for offenders. The very first
results seemed to confirm that offenders had low mental
abilities and they were found to be mentally impaired.
Psychoanalytical Determinism
- This refers to the theories that attribute
criminal behavior of individuals to
psychological factors , such as emotional
and mental problems
1) SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
- he is recognized as the FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
- he believed that man carry with him residue of the most
significant emotional attachments of his childhood, which then
guide future interpersonal relationship.
- he founded the PSYCHOANALYTIC (Psychodynamic) THEORY
OF CRIMINALITY in which he attributed delinquent and criminal
behavior to a conscience that is overbearing which arouses
feelings of guilt or a conscience that is so weak that it cannot
control the individual’s impulses and the need for immediate
gratification.
 PERSONALITY IS COMPRISED OF THREE COMPONENTS:
a) ID – this stands for instinctual drives; the primitive part of the individual’s mental
make-up present at birth; it is governed by the “pleasure principle”; represents the
unconscious biological drives for pleasure; the id impulses are not social and must
be repressed or adapted so that they may become socially acceptable .
b) EGO – this is considered to be the sensible and responsible part of an individual’s
personality and is governed by the “reality principle”; it is developed early in life and
compensates for the demands of the id by helping the individual guide his actions to
remain within the boundaries of accepted social behavior; it is the objective, rational
part of the personality.
c) SUPEREGO – serves as the moral conscience of an individual; it is structured by what
values were taught by the parents, the school and the community, as well as belief in
God; it is largely responsible for making a person follow the moral codes of society. It is
divided into two parts: conscience (tells what is right or wrong) and ego ideal (directs
the individual to morally acceptable and responsible behaviors, which may not be
pleasurable).
SOCIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

Sociological factors refer to things, places

and people with whom we come in contact
with and which play a part in determining our
actions and conduct. These causes may bring
about the development of criminal behavior.
David Emile Durkheim - He advocated the “Anomie Theory”, which
explains that the absence of norms in a society provides a setting
conductive to crimes and other anti-social acts.
• It was Durkheim who stated that crime is normal part of society , just
like birth and death and for as long as humans continue to exist and live
with each other, crimes will continue to occur.
• coined the term “anomie” - breakdown of social order as a result of loss
of standard and values.
• Anomie is characterized by disorder due to lack of common values
shared by individuals, lack of respect for authority and lack of
appreciation for what s acceptable and not acceptable in the society.
Adolphe Quetelet - he founded what is known as the
CARTHOGRAPHIC SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY, together
with ANDRE MICHAEL GUERRY . Quetelet was the first to
take advantage of criminal statistics in crime causation
thus crediting him as the “Father of Modern Statistics.”
- this study used social statistical data and provided
important demographic information on the population,
including density, gender, religious affiliations and social
economic status
- he gathered data to investigate the influence of
social factors on the commission of crimes
The cartographic school of criminology made use of
social statistical data such as population, age, gender ,
occupation, religious affiliations and social economic
status and studies their influences and relationship to
criminality.
- This study also found connection between climate ,
weather and geographical location to the tendencies to
commit crimes of certain individuals.
Geography and Crime
Earlier criminologists correlated climate, humidity, wind velocity,
atmosphere pressure, rainfall, nature of soil and other
geographical factors to the existence and development of
crimes and criminals.
The following are some of the explanations formulated by
criminologists about geography and crime:
1. North and south Pole- according to Adolphe
Quetelet(Thermal Law of Delinquency), crimes against person
are more common in hotter climates and seasons, whereas
crimes against property are more common in cooler climates
and seasons.
2.Approach to the Equator- according to
the Charles de Montesquieu (Spirits of
Laws, 1748), Criminality increase in
proportion as one approaches the equator
and drunkenness increases as on
approaches to the North and South Pole.
3. South of the Year- Crimes against a person
is more in summer than in the rainy season. A
climatic condition directly affects ones
irritability and cause criminality. During the
dry season , people get out of the house more,
and there is more contact and consequently
the more probability of personal violence.
4. Soil Formation- more crimes of violence
are recorded in fertile level lands than in a
hilly rugged train. There are more
suggestions of people and there is more
irritation. There is also more incidence of
rape in level districts.
5. Month of the Year-There is more
incidence of violent crimes during the
warm months from April up to July having
its peak in May. This is due to festivals,
excursions, picnics and other sorts of
festivities wherein people are more in
contact with one another.
6. Temperature- according to Dexter, the
number of arrest increases quite regularly
with the increase of temperature because
it affects the emotional state of the
individual and leads to fighting. The
influence of temperature upon females is
greater than upon males.
7. Humidity and Atmosphere Pressure-
according to a survey, large numbers of
assaults were found to be correlated with
low humidity and a small number with high
humidity. It was explained that low and
high humidity is both vital and emotional
depressing to the individual.
8. Wind Velocity- during high wind,
the number of arrest is less. It may be
due to the presence of more carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere that
lessens the vitality of men to commit
violence.
IMPORTANT THEORIES IN CRIMINOLOGY:
WHY PEOPLE COMMIT CRIME

In criminology, examining why people commit

crime is very important in the ongoing debate of how
crime should be handled and prevented. Many theories
have emerged over the years, and they continue to be
explored, individually and in combination, as
criminologists seek the best solutions in ultimately
reducing types and levels of crime. Here is a broad
overview of some key theories:
Social disorganization theory: A person’s physical
and social environments are primarily responsible
for the behavioral choices that person makes. In
particular, a neighborhood that has fraying social
structures is more likely to have high crime rates.
Such a neighborhood may have poor schools,
vacant and vandalized buildings, high
unemployment, and a mix of commercial and
residential property.
Strain theory: Most people have similar
aspirations, but they don’t all have the
same opportunities or abilities. When
people fail to achieve society’s
expectations through approved means
such as hard work and delayed
gratification, they may attempt to achieve
success through crime.
Social learning theory: People develop
motivation to commit crime and the skills to
commit crime through the people they
associate with.
Social control theory: Most people would
commit crime if not for the controls that
society places on individuals through
institutions such as schools, workplaces,
churches, and families.
Labeling theory: People in power decide
what acts are crimes, and the act of
labeling someone a criminal is what makes
him a criminal. Once a person is labeled a
criminal, society takes away his
opportunities, which may ultimately lead
to more criminal behavior.
Cultural Deviance Theory
- this theory gives emphasis on the concept of culture and
sub-culture .
Culture refers to the system of values and meanings shared
by a group of individuals including the embodiment of
those values and meanings in a material object.
Sub- Culture- is a group of subgroup within an existing
culture that maintains a unique set values and beliefs that
are in conflict with conventional social norms.(Siegel,
2004).
-According to this theory , because people in
the lower class feel isolated due to extreme
deprivation or poverty, they tend to create a
sub- culture with its own set of rules and
values. This sub-culture is characterized by
deviant behavior which results in criminal
behavior among its members.
Differential Association theory- Was formulated by Edwin
Sutherland.
This theory states that, criminality, just like any other behavior, can be
learned through socialization. It further proposes that criminal behavior is
influenced by the people with whom the individual has regular and
frequent contact with, such as family members and close friends.
-this tends to explain why members of the same family are engaged in the
same illegal activities, such as robbery and drug pushing. This is also the
reason given as to why an individual, who used to be law- abiding,
becomes an offender when he develops a strong friendship with
criminals.
Differential Reinforcement Theory- individuals behavior
depends on how people around him react towards his behavior.
Thus, the word “reinforcement” is in the name. A behavior is
reinforced when the individual gains something from it.
Conversely, a behavior will be extinguished if the individual was
punished for the doing of such action.
Simply stated, an act, when rewarded , will be repeated
On the other hand, an act , when punished , will be avoided
Imitation – Suggestion Theory by Gabriel Tarde
- Delinquency and crime are matters that are learned and
adopted . The learning process may either be conscious type of
copying(imitation) or unconscious copying (suggestion) of
confronting pattern of behavior. The pattern of crime , like
fashion may easily fade , may last for a long time and maybe
transmitted from generation to generation. It may be spread
from the place of its origin going outward to the periphery.
Differential Identification Theory by Daniel Classer
It was maintained that a person pursues criminal
behavior to the extent that he identifies himself with real
or imaginary persons from whose perspective his
criminal behavior seems acceptable. A person with the
propensities of becoming a thief will consider thieves as
ideal people to identify themselves. The identification
needs not to be in intimate personal association but
identifying themselves with characters in movies, radio
and televisions.
Victimology- is the study of victimization including the
relationship between victims and offenders, the
interactions between victims and the criminal justice
system.
-it is also defined as the scientific study of the physical,
emotional and financial harm people suffer because of
illegal activities(Karmen,2010)
-this definition focus on the effects of crime to the
victims.
Benjamin Mendelsohn- coined the term “victimology”
Hans Von Hentig- Father of Victimology
Victim-is the person to whom the crime was committed or the offended
party.
-victims can be either direct or primary victims or indirect or secondary
victims(Karmen 2010)
Direct or primary victims- is the person who was actually harmed
because of the commission of the offense.
Indirect or secondary victims- refers to families or love ones of
the victim
• Typology- is a classification scheme that aids in the
understanding of what a group of people has in common and
how it differs from others(Karmen, 2010)
• -refers to the classification of victims based on the type of crimes
usually committed or are likely to be committed against them
based on their demographic profile such as:
- gender
-age
-occupation
- location of residence
-place of work and the like
Traditional Concepts in Victimology

1. Victim- Offender Relationship- Refers to the relationship of the

victim with the offender, and vice versa.

2. Victim Facilitation- this happens in situation wherein victims

unknowingly, carelessly, negligently and inadvertently make it easier
for the criminal to commit a crime(Karmen, 2010)
3. Victim Precipitation and Culpability or Provocation
- In victim precipitation, the victim significantly contributed to his
victimization , while in culpability or provocation, the victim is considered
to be even more responsible for the crime than the offender
himself(Karmen, 2010)

4. Victim Resistance-refers to the effort of the victim to fight

off or repel the offender
5. Victim vulnerability-refers to the tendency of a person
to become victimized without any fault on his part

6. Victim Blame-
Victim Patterns
The age, gender, marital status, educational background , level
of intellect, income, occupation, lifestyle or habits, victim-
offender relationships and ecology are some of the factors that
affect victimization risk.
Results of various studies reveal that in terms of gender, males
are more likely to become victims of robbery and physical
injuries. In terms of income or economic status, the poor are
most likely to become victims of crimes because they live in
areas that are crime- prone.
It was also found out that unmarried or never been
married individuals are victimized more often than
married people. This could be because married people
tend to have more stable routines and less active live.
Ecology- refers to the location or place of commission of
the crime. According to statistics, victimization occurs
more in large , urban areas while victim rates are lower
in rural and sub-urban areas. Most crimes are committed
at night, and most likely site is an open, public area such
as a street, park parking area and other similar
places(Siegel,2004)
Criminal Psychology
- Is defined as the study of human behavior in relation to
criminality9Maglinao,2006)
- Is the application of the principles of general psychology to understand
criminal behavior.
Psychology- is the systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental
processes.

Behavior- refers to observable actions or responses while mental

processes which are not directly observable, refer to a wide range of
complex mental processes such as thinking, imagining, studying and
dreaming(Plotnik, 2006)
MENTAL DISTURBANCE AS CAUSES OF CRIMES
The following are causes of mental disturbances
which are sometimes the causes or criminality and the
development of criminal behavior:
1. Mental Deficiency – a condition of arrested or
incomplete development of the mind existing before the
age of 18, whether arising from inherent causes or
induced by disease or injury. Mentally deficient persons
are prone to commit malicious damage to property and
unnatural sex offenses. They may commit violent crimes
but definitely not crimes involving the use of mentality.
Classes of Mental Deficiency:
1. Idiots – persons whose case there exist mental
defectiveness of such a degree that they unable to guard
themselves against common physical dangers. Their
mentality is compared to a 2 years old person.
2. Imbeciles – persons in whose case there exists
mental defectiveness which though not amounting to
idiocy is yet so pronounced that they are incapable of
managing themselves or their affairs. Their mentality is
like a child of 2 to 7 years old.
3. Feeble-minded- persons those in whose case there exist
mental defectiveness which though not amounting to
imbecility, is yet to pronounced that they require care,
supervision, and control for their own or for the protection
of others, or in the case of children, they appear to be
permanently incapable by reason of such defectiveness or
receiving proper benefit from the instruction in ordinary
schools.
4. Moral defectiveness – persons wherein mental
defect exists couplked with strong vicious or criminal
propensities, and who require care and supervision, and
control for their own or for the protection of others.
2. Schizophrenia – this is something called dementia
praecox which is a form of psychosis characterized by
thinking disturbance and regression to a more relatively in
impaired and intellectual functions are well preserved. The
personal appearance is dilapidated and the patient is liable
to impulsive acts, destructively and may commit suicide.
3. Compulsive Neurosis – this is the uncontrollable or
irresistible impulsive to do something. There maybe an
active desire to resist the irrational behavior, but prevented
by the unconscious motives to act out his difficulty or to
suffer miserably in his fear. This neurosis maybe in the
following forms:
3. Compulsive Neurosis – this is the
uncontrollable or irresistible impulsive to do
something. There maybe an active desire to
resist the irrational behavior, but prevented by
the unconscious motives to act out his difficulty
or to suffer miserably in his fear. This neurosis
maybe in the following forms:
 A. Pyromania – compulsive desire to set fire.
b. Homicidal compulsion – the irresistible urge to
kill somebody.
c. Kleptomania – the compulsive desire to steal.
d. Dipsomania – the compulsive desire to drink
alcohol.
4. Psychopathic Personality – this is the most
important cause of criminality among youthful
offenders and habitual criminals. It is
characterized by infantile level of response, lack
of conscience, deficient feeling of affection to
others and aggression to environment and
other people.
5. Epilepsy – this is a condition characterized by compulsive seizures and a
tendency to mental deterioration. The seizure maybe extreme loss of
consciousness. During the attack the person become muscularly rigid,
respiration ceases, the mouth and the tongue maybe bitter. The disease is
characterized by the reduction of emotional control, stubbornness and
irresistibility, impulsiveness, tendency to emotionalism, with much
inconsistency in feeling, irritability manifested either by sudden outburst of
anger and vicious conduct. Just before the actual convulsion, there may be
mental confusion, hallucination or delusion and may commit violent crimes
without provocation. After the attack, the person may wonder from one
place to another and inflict bodily harm. In the course of mild attack, he may
unconsciously perform indecent acts,breach of the peace and varying degree
of crime of violence.
Types of Epilepsy:
a. Grand Mal - there is a complete loss of
consciousness and general contraction of the muscles.
b. Petit Mal – mild or complete loss of
consciousness and contraction of muscles.
c. Jackonism type - localized contraction of muscles
with or without loss of consciousness.
6. Alcoholism – this is a form of vice causing mental
disturbance. It is a condition wherein a person is under
the influence of intoxicating liquor or alcohol. His
physical condition and behavior has been modified to a
certain extent by the effects of alcohol. The drunkard
habitually takes or uses intoxicating alcoholic liquor
under the influence of liquor becomes dangerous to him
or others. He may commit violent crimes and inflict
physical injuries. Habitual drunkard may commit
suicide, sex offense and exquisites crimes. Young
children, likewise, may become delinquent.
Causes of alcoholism:
a. Some people believe that alcohol is an appetizer
before taking meal.
b. Sometimes alcohol gives them soothing effects.
c. Alcohol is used as a means of escaping personal
problem.
d. As a way of escape from unpleasant realistic of
life.
7. Drug Addiction - this is another form of vice which causes strong mental
disturbance. It is the state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by
repeated consumption of natural of synthetic drugs. The vice is punishable by
the Revised Penal Code and the Dangerous Drug Act. And the addict may
commit crimes against property once he has no more money to buy the drugs.
A woman may become a prostitute just to get money to buy her drugs. An
addict during withdrawal symptoms may commit violent crimes and commit
suicide due to extreme sufferings. The addict is lazy, unsanitary and become
less dependable.
Sociological causes refer to things, places and people with whom we
come in contact and which play a part in determining our actions and conduct.
These causes may bring about the development of criminal behavior and
author Sutherland (Principles of Criminology, 6th Ed. P.77) briefly explains the
process by which a particular person comes to engage in criminal behavior. The
following are the processes:
1. That criminal behaviour is learned.
This conclusion negates the theory that criminal
behavior is inherited. Likewise, criminal behavior is not an
invention by the criminal himself but learned in the process
of association with others.
2. That criminal behaviour is learned in the process of
communication with other persons.
The communication with other persons in the
process of learning criminal behavior could either be verbal
or thru imitation.
3. That the principal part of learning occurs within the intimate
personal group.
Group unity among the criminal gangs is the most
effective vehicles of influencing other to learn and criminal
behavior. This is due to the fact that loyalty, faith and belief
among each other must prevail for the group to survive as one.
4. That upon learning criminal behaviour, the criminal
learns the techniques of committing crimes, its motives, drives
and rationale.
5. The learning process may vary in frequency , duration,
priority and intensity.
6. That while criminal behavior is an expression
of general needs and values, it is not explained by
those general needs and values since non-
criminal behaviour is an expression of the same
needs and values.
SEXUAL DEVIANCE OR SEXUAL ABERRATION
One very important aspect in the study of criminal
psychology is the cause of the behavior of sexual offenders.
Sexual offenses are very common crimes committed against
women and children by people, usually males, who are suffering
from some form of mental disorder that affects their sexual
behavior which leads them to the commission of sex-related
offenses.
Paraphilia is a medical or behavioral science term for what is
also referred to as: sexual deviation, sexual anomaly, sexual
perversion or a disorder of sexual preference. It is the repeated
intense sexual arousal to unconventional (SEXUALLY DEVIANT)
stimuli. Paraphilias are currently recognized as one of the
categories of Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – TEXT
REVION ,2000 (www.forensicpsychiatry.ca).
Paraphilia, in simple terms, refers to a condition in which a
person derives sexual gratification from performing certain
activities, or from objects that are not sexual in nature,that are
not normally done or experienced by average, ordinary people.
Paraphilia is a medical or behavioral science term for what is
also referred to as: sexual deviation, sexual anomaly, sexual
perversion or a disorder of sexual preference. It is the repeated
intense sexual arousal to unconventional (SEXUALLY DEVIANT)
stimuli. Paraphilias are currently recognized as one of the
categories of Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – TEXT
REVION ,2000 (www.forensicpsychiatry.ca).
Paraphilia, in simple terms, refers to a condition in which a
person derives sexual gratification from performing certain
activities, or from objects that are not sexual in nature,that are
not normally done or experienced by average, ordinary people.
Paraphilia is a medical or behavioral science term for what is
also referred to as: sexual deviation, sexual anomaly, sexual
perversion or a disorder of sexual preference. It is the repeated
intense sexual arousal to unconventional (SEXUALLY DEVIANT)
stimuli. Paraphilias are currently recognized as one of the
categories of Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – TEXT
REVION ,2000 (www.forensicpsychiatry.ca).
Paraphilia, in simple terms, refers to a condition in which a
person derives sexual gratification from performing certain
activities, or from objects that are not sexual in nature,that are
not normally done or experienced by average, ordinary people.
Pedophilia - -deriving sexual gratification from engaging sexual activities
with children.
Exhibitionism – deriving sexual gratification from exposing one’s genitals
in public.
Fetishism – deriving sexual gratification from specific objects, examples are
underwear, shoes, panty hose, etc.
Frotteurism – deriving sexual gratification from rubbing one’s body against
strangers.
Sexual masochism – deriving sexual gratification from inflicting pain or
humiliations to himself or by others, including autoerotic asphyxia, during
sexual intercourse.
Sexual sadism - deriving sexual gratification from inflicting pain or
humiliation on others during sexual intercourse.
Voyeurism (peeping) – deriving sexual gratification from
secretly watching people undressing , dressing up or
having sexual intercourse with somebody else.
Necrophilia (corpses) – deriving sexual gratification
from having sexual intercourse with a dead body.
Zoophilia ( animal) – deriving sexual gratification from
having sexual intercourse with animals; also called
bestiality.
OVERVIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Criminal Justice System is the machinery used by the government to prevent and control crimes.

PILLARS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

1. Law Enforcement
It is the prime mover of the Criminal Justice System
An agency of the government responsible in maintenance of peace and order, protection of lives and
properties, ensure public safety, enforcement of laws and ordinances, apprehension of offenders, and
investigation of cases.
2. Prosecution
It is a process whereby accusations are brought before the court of justice.
3. Court
It is a body vested with the power to try, hear and decide cases.
4. Correction
It is considered as the weakest pillar of the Criminal Justice System.
5. Community
INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

Police
An agency of the government responsible in the protection of lives and properties, ensure
public safety, maintain peace and order, enforcement of laws and ordinances, apprehension of
offenders and investigation of criminal cases.

Organization
A group of persons with common goals and objectives.

Police Organization
A group of trained personnel working together to maintain peace and order, ensure public
safety and protect lives and properties.

Police Administration
It refers to the cooperative human effort to achieve organizational goals and objectives.