POLARITY AND INTERMOLECULAR

FORCES OF ATTRACTION

Presented by :
GRUOP 5
Presented to:
 In this module, you will able to

• determine the polarity of a molecule given its

structure;
•relate the polarity of molecule to its properties;
• describe the general types of intermolecular forces;
• identify the type of intermolecular forces in
substance,and
• explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the
properties of substance.
DISCUSSIONS
Physical properties

• The 3 main properties of a molecular substance

include:
• low melting point
• Temperature that indicates that a solid substance
changes to a liquid;
• Boiling point, or a temperature that indicates the
point at which a liquid changes to a gas, a vapor; poor
conductivity; and low solubility.
Chemical properties

• Chemical bonds are the electrical forces of atteaction

that holds atoms and ions together to form molecules.
• Different types of chemical bonds and their varying
intensity are directly responsible for some of the
physical properties of minerals such as hardness,
melting, and boiling points, solubility and conductivity.
• Chemical bonds also influence such other properties as
crystal symmetry and cleavage.
• Strong bonds between atoms make them more
difficult to seperate and, in general, stronger chemical
bond result in greater hardness.
 Polarity of bonds

- the state of having two opposite of

contradictory tendencies, opinions, or
aspects.
 • Polarity refers to the physical properties of compounds such as
boiling points, melting point and their solubilities.
• The polarity of bonds is caused due to interactions of bonds
between molecules and atoms different electronegativity.
• Polarity in chemistry is nothing but the concept of the seperation
of electric charges leading a molecule to have a positive and
negative end.
Polar molecules

• Polar molecules occur when two atoms do

not share electrons equally a covalent bond.
• A dipole forms, with the part of a molecule
carrying a slight positive charge and the other
part carrying a slight negative charge.
• This happens when there is a difference
between the electronegativity of each atom.
 Non polar
molecules

• When molecules share

electrons equally in a covalent
bond there is no net electrical
charge across the molecule.
• In a nonpolar covalent bond,
the electrons are evenly
distributed.
• You can predict nonpolar
molecules will form when atoms
have the same or similar
electronegativity.
Non polar covalent
bond
• Nonpolar covalent bonds are a
type of bond that occurs when
two atoms share a pair of
electrons with each other.
• These share electrons glue two
or more atoms together to form a
molecule.
•Nonpolar covalent bonds are
very strong bonds requirin a large
amount of energy to break the
bond.
Polar covalent bonding
• is a type of chemical bond
where a pair of electrons is
unequally shared between two
atoms.
• In a polar covalent bond, the
electrons are not equally shared
because one atoms spends
more time with the electrons
than the other atom.
• In polar covalent bonds, one
atom has a stronger pull than
the other atom and atracts
electrons.
Melting point
• The melting point of a substance is
the temperature at which changes
state from solid to liquid. At the
melting point the solid and liquid
phase exist in equilibrium.
• The melting point of a substance
depends on pressure and is usually
specified at a standard pressure
such as 1 atm
• When considered as a
temperature of reverse change from
liqud to solid, it is reffered to as the
freezing point or crystallization
point.
Intermolecular
forces
• are the forces which mediate
interaction between molecules,
including forces of attractions or
repulsion which act between
molecules and other types of
neighbouring particles
• Intermolecular forces are weak
relative to intramolecular force -
the forces which hold molecule
together.
• For example, the covalent bond,
involving sharing electrons pairs
between atoms, is much stronger
than the forces present between
the neighbouring molecules.
 Ion Induced Dipole
forces
• An ion-induced dipole attraction is a
weak attraction that results when the
approach of an ion induces a dipole in
atom or in a nonpolar molecule by
disturbing the arrangements of
electrons in the nonpolar species.
• The ion induced dipole force is a
permanent effect in polar molecules
because of presence of dipoles.
• Ex: H20 the hydrogen carries positive
charge and oxygen carries negative
charge so there is a dipole already
present there
 • is a property reffering to the ability of the given substance then
solute, to dissolve in a solvent.
• It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved
in a solvent at equilibrium.
• The resulting solution is called a saturated solution.
• Solubility depends on the temperature and pressure and it also
depends on nature of solutes and solvent, it has no units.
• A solute dissolves in a solvent if intermolecular interactions are
similar in two substance.
• Sollubility of gas in water generally decrease with increase in
temperature and pressure, the number of gaseous per unit volume
over solution increases.
• At constant temperature, the soluility of gas in liquid is directly
proportional to pressure of gas.
 Conclusion:

In conclusion, polarity and intermolecular forces of attraction

are closely related, as the polarity of a molecule determines
the type and strength of these forces. Polar molecules have
partial charges that lead to dipole-dipole interactions,
hydrogen bonding (if H is bonded to N, O, or F), or ion-dipole
forces, which are generally stronger. Nonpolar molecules
experience weaker London dispersion forces due to
temporary dipoles. These interactions influence physical
properties like boiling point, melting point, and solubility.