COMPETENCE 4.

Maintain the Seaworthiness of A

Ship

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 4.2.1

Ship Stability

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 4.2.1.1

Displacement

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 Objectives
At the end of this lecture the candidate will be able to
 Understand that for a ship to float, it must displace a
mass of water equal to its own mass
 Understand how when the mass of a ship changes,
the mass of water displaced changes by an equal
amount
 Understand that displacement of a vessel is its mass
and it is measured in tonnes
 Understand that displacement is represented by the
symbol
 Understand the relationship between the
displacement and the mean draught of ship by using
graph or scale
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 Objectives
At the end of this lecture the candidate will be able to
 Find out the following using a Displacement Curve:
- displacements for given draughts
- mean draughts for given displacements
- the change in mean draught when given masses
are loaded or discharged
- the mass of cargo to be loaded or discharged to
produce a required change of draught
 Define light displacement, Load Displacement and
Deadweight
 Use a deadweight scale to find out deadweight and
displacement of a ship at various draughts in sea water
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 Objectives
At the end of this lecture the candidate will be able to
 Define Tonnes per centimeter immersion (TPC)
 Understand why TPC varies with different draughts
 Use TPC obtained from deadweight to find the foll:
- the change in mean draught when given masses
are loaded or discharged
- the mass of cargo to be loaded or discharged to
produce a required change of draught
 Define Block Co-efficient(Cb)
 Calculated Cb from given displacement and dimensions
 Calculate displacement from given Cb and dimensions
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 Displacement
 When a ship is floating freely at rest the mass of the
ship is equal to the mass of the volume of water
displaced by the ship.
 This is known as the displacement of the ship.
 Thus if the volume of the underwater portion is
known, displacement of the ship can be obtained.
 However, the weight of the water displaced
depends upon the density of water it is floating in.
 In order to obtain displacement, we must multiply
the underwater volume by density of the water.

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 Representation and Units of Displacement
 Displacement of a ship can be expressed in terms
of underwater volume as  with units of m³ or in
terms of weight as  with units as tonnes.
 If displacement in tonnes is assumed to be
constant, the underwater volume depends upon the
density of water. If density is more the underwater
volume is less and if density is less, underwater
volume will be more.
 Draft increases and decreases with Underwater
volume. Thus for sea water of density 1.025 t/m³;
the volume of displacement in m³ and the draft will
be less than that for fresh water of density 1.000
t/m³
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 Relationship Using the
between Draft and Displacement/Draught
curve, we can find out:
Displacement  Displacement for a
given draught
Draught for a given
displacement
Draught Change in draught
in m when Displacement is
increased or
decreased by adding
or removing weights
Mass of cargo to be
Displacement in Tonnes added to produce a
required change in
Draught
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 Various Forms of Displacement
 Light Displacement or lightweight is the
displacement of the ship when complete and ready
for sea but without cargo, passengers, baggage,
stores, fuel or water
 Load Displacement is the displacement of the ship
at maximum permissible draft.
 The difference between Load Displacement and
Light Displacement is known as Total Deadweight
or Dead Load. This includes the cargo also.

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  The difference between Load Displacement at any
draught and Light Displacement is known as
Deadweight or Dead Load. This includes the cargo
also.
 Cargo deadweight refers only to the weight of the
cargo carried at a time.

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 Numerical Exercise
 Reeds Vol. 4 ISBN 978-0-7136-6734-9 Naval
Architecture for Engineers Chapter 2; Page 20 -
Solved Example
 Q. A ship displaces 12240 m3 of sea water at a
particular draught. Calculate the displacement of
the ship. How many tones of cargo would have
to be discharged for the vessel to float at the
same draught in the fresh water?

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 Solution:
 Displacement in sea water
 = 12240×1.025 = 12546 tonne
 Displacement at same draught in fresh water
 = 12240 × 1.000=12240 tonne
 Cargo to be discharged
 = 12546-12240
 = 306 tonne

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 Deadweight Scale
It gives the variation of
deadweight and
displacement at various
draughts of a ship in a
tabular form, diagram. In the
present days, it is available
as a software.
We can find out deadweight
and displacement of the ship
at any particular draught
using the Deadweight Scale
of the ship.

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 Deadweight co-efficient (CD)
 The ratio of a ship’s deadweight (carrying capacity
in tonnes) with the ship’s displacement (W)
 CD = Deadweight/ Displacement

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 Tonne per Centimeter Immersion
 TPC - Tonne per Centimeter Immersion is the
mass required to change the mean draught by 1
cm.
 If Aw is the waterplane area, Increase in volume of
displacement by 1 cm additional draught is
Aw/100 m³
 Change in Displacement for a unit change of
underwater volume depends upon the density of
the water
 Increase in Displacement in tonne is (Aw/100) X ƍ

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  TPC = (Aw X ƍ)/100; Since ƍ = 1.025 t/ m³ for sea
water, TPCsw = 0.01025Aw
 Since, the under water shape of a ship is not
exactly rectangular through different draughts, Aw
is not constant for all draughts, so TPC keeps
changing for different draughts.

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 TPC Curve

Draught
in m

TPC

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 Use of Deadweight Scale to find out
TPC at a particular draught
The Ship’s Deadweight
Scale also gives the
variation of TPC at
different draughts in
addition to the variation
of displacement and
deadweight.
We can find out TPC of
the ship at any
particular draught using
the Deadweight Scale of
the ship.

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 Numerical Exercise
 Reeds Vol 4 ISBN 978-0-7136-6734-9 Naval
Architecture for Engineers Chapter 2; Page 23 - Solved
Example
 Q. The waterplane area of a ship is 1730 m2 .
Calculate the TPC and the increase in draught if a
mass of 270 tonne is added to the ship.

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 Numerical Exercise
 Reeds Vol 4 ISBN 978-0-7136-6734-9 Naval
Architecture for Engineers Chapter 2; Page 23 - Solved
Example
 Q. The waterplane area of a ship is 1730 m2 .
Calculate the TPC and the increase in draught if a
mass of 270 tonne is added to the ship.
 Solution: TPC = 0.01025 × 1730 = 17.73
Increase in draught = = 15.23 cm

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 Numerical Exercise
 Reeds Vol 4 ISBN 978-0-7136-6734-9 Naval Architecture
for Engineers Class 2 Exam Questions; Page 244 –
Question No. 3
 Q. A ship of 8000 tonne displacement floats in sea
water of 1.025 t/m3 and has a TPC of 14 . The
vessel moves into fresh water of 1.000 t/m3 and
loads 300 of oil fuel . Calculate the change in
mean draught.

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 Solution
 : Change in mean draught
==

= 14.29cm increase

 TPC in fresh water

= 14×===21.96 cm

 Total increase = 14.29 + 21.96 = 36.25 cm

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 Coefficients of Form
 A ship is supposed to have been from a rectangular
block of a specific dimensions.
 The deviation of the actual shape and dimensions
of the ship from the rectangular block is given in the
form of ratios called Coefficients of Form.
 Waterplane Area Coefficient Cw
 Midship Area Coefficient Cm
 Block Coefficient of Fineness Cb
 Prismatic Coefficient Cp

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 Waterplane Area Coefficient Cw
 Waterplane Area Coefficient is the ratio of area of the
waterplane to the area of the block i.e., product of the
length and breadth of the ship.
 Cw = waterplane area/length x breadth = Aw/L X B

Waterplane Area Aw Breadth B

Length L

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 Midship Area Coefficient Cm
 Midship Area Coefficient Cm is the ratio of the area of
the immersed portion of the midship section to the
product of the breadth and the draught.
 Cm= area of immersed midship section / breadth x
draught = Am/B x d

Waterline

Midship Draught d
Area Am

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Breadth B
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 Block Coefficient or Coefficient of Fineness
Cb
 Block Coefficient or Coefficient of Fineness Cb is the
ratio of volume of displacement to the product of the
length, breadth and draught or cuboidal volume.
 Cb= volume of displacement/length x breadth x draught
=  /L X B X d
Draught d

Length L

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Breadth B
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 Block Coefficient Cb
 The Block Co-efficient is a measurement of how much
an underwater hull fills out a box with same extreme
dimensions.

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 Prismatic Coefficient Cp
 Prismatic Coefficient Cp is the ratio of the volume of
displacement to the product of the length and the area
of the cross section of the midship section.
 Cp=volume of displacement/length x area of immersed
miship section
 Cp =  /Am X L
Draught d

Am

Length L

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Breadth B
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 Relationship between various coefficients

 Cp = /L X Am
But  =Cb X L X B x d and Am = Cm X B X d
Or Cp= Cb X L X B X d/L X Cm X B X d
Or Cp = Cb/Cm

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 Thank You!

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 Tutorial 1
 A ship 135 m long,18 m beam and 7.6 m draught
have a displacement of 14000 tonnes. The area of the
load water plane is 1925m² and the area of the
immersed midship scction 130m² Calculate (a) Cw; (b)
Cm; (c) Cb; (d) Cp.

(Answer: 0.792; 0.950; 0.740; 0.778;)

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 Tutorial 2
 The block coefficient of a ship is 0.775 and the
prismatic coefficient is 0.782. If the breadth and
draught are 17.4m and 8.5m.

a) Find the immersed midship section area.

b) If the waterplane area coefficient is 0.85 and the
displacement is 15020t. Find the TPC in sea water.
(Answer: 146.57m²; 19.38)

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 Tutorial
 A ship 150m long and 20.5m beam floats at a draught
of 8m and displaces 19500 tonne. The TPC is 26.5
and midship section area coefficient 0.94. Calculate
the block, prismatic and waterplane area coefficients.

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 Tutorial
 A ship displaces 9450 tonne and has a block
coefficient of 0.7. The area of immersed mid-ship
section 106m². If beam = 0.13 x length = 2.1 x
draught, calculate the length of the ship and the
prismatic coefficient.

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 Tutorial
 A ship 120m long, 17m beam and 7.2m draught has a
block coefficient of 0.76. A parallel section of 6m long
is added to the ship amidships. The mid-ship sectional
area coefficient is 0.96. Find the new displacement
and block coefficient.

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 Tutorial
 A ship is 60 m long, 16 m beam and has a draught of
5 m in sea water, block coefficient 0.7 and waterplane
area coefficient 0.8. Calculate the draught at which it
will float in fresh water.

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 Thanks

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