COMPARE AND

CONTRAST PROCESS IN
PLANTS AND ANIMALS:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Gas Exchange
What else do organism need to acquire from
the environment aside from Nutrition? Why?
What gas is considered a metabolic waste
product of cellular metabolism? How does it
leave the organism’s body?
Cite the structures in plants and animals that
allow for gas exchange.
Enumerate some respiratory problems
encountered by humans.
 GAS EXCHANGE
 isthe uptake of
molecular oxygen from
the environment and the
discharge of carbon
dioxide to the
environment.
BASIC PRINCIPLES influencing
gas exchange
I. The respiratory surface or
organ is the part of an animal’s
body where gases are exchanged
with the environment. To allow for
gas exchange, it must be moist,
large enough, and protected
from dessication..
 GAS
EXCHANG
E
 Principle no.2
Respiratory systems rely on the
II.

diffusion of gases down pressure

gradients.
A. Partial pressure for each gas in the
atmosphere can be computed; for
example,
the partial pressure of oxygen is 160
mmHg.
Partial pressure of atmosphere=
760 mmHg
Nitrogen gas= 79% x760 = 600mmHg
(partial pressure of Nitrogen gas)
Oxygen gas = 21% x 760 = 160 mmHg
( partial pressure of Oxygen gas)
__________________
760 mmHg

Patm = PN2 + PO2

•B. Fick’s Law states
•that the amount of diffusion of gas across a
membrane is proportional to the
surface area and the difference in
partial pressure between the 2 sides and
inversely proportional to the thickness
of the membrane.
#3: Surface to volume ratio

A. As an animal grows, the surface
area increases at the lesser rate than its
volume, making diffusion of gases into
the interior more difficult.
 B. Animals must have a body
design that keeps internal cells close to
the surface
(e.g. flatworms) or must have a system
to move the gases inward.
#4: VENTILATION
A. It refers to the movement of the respiratory
medium(air or water) over the respiratory
surface.
B. Bony fish moves the gill covers (operculum)
for water carrying oxygen to flow across the
gill.
C. Humans move the muscles of the
thorax to expand and
Contract the chest cavity and move air
and out of the lungs.
 Respiratory
protein or
pigment
•

•
hemocyanin
#5: Respiratory Pigments or
Proteins
A. Adaptations of animals for gas exchange
include respiratory pigments that bind and
transport gases.
B. The respiratory pigment of vertebrates is
hemoglobin while that of invertebrates (e.g.
arthropods and mollusks) is hemocyanin.
C. Blood cannot carry sufficient oxygen and
carbon dioxide in dissolved form to meet the
body’s requirements; hemoglobin helps
enhance its capacity.
3. Describe structures for gas exchange in
Plants
I. Stomates in leaves
II. Lenticels in stems
III. Root Hairs in aerial roots
IV. Pneumatophores or the
lateral roots of mangroves.
4. Describe Respiratory surfaces
or organs in
Invertebrates:
I.Cell surface or cell membrane- especially used in unicellular
organisms
II. Integumentary exchange- refers to the general body surface or
skin used by animals with high surface-to- volume ratio; e.g.
flatworm and earthworm. Amphibians also use their skin in addition to
lungs as gas exchange surface.
III. External gills – used by invertebrates that live in aquatic habitats;
gills are highly folded, thin-walled, vascularized epidermis that project
outward from the body; e.g. crayfish, lobster; sea star, nudibranch
IV. Tracheal system in arthropods – utilizes fine air-conducting
tubules to provide gaseous exchange at the cellular level; it is not
dependent on a circulatory system; e.g. insects, spiders.
 Describe Respiratory surfaces
in
I.
VERTEBRATES
External Gills – thin, vascularized epidermis that project from
the body surface of a few amphibians; e.g. larval salamander
II. Internal Gills – rows of slits or pockets in adult fishes
positioned at the back of
the mouth such that water that enters the mouth can flow over
them as it exists
just behind the head.
A. Water flows over the gills and blood circulates through them in
OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS.
B. This mechanism, called countercurrent flow, is highly efficient in
extracting oxygen from water, whose oxygen content is lower than
III. LUNGS-

internal respiratory surfaces shaped as a cavity or sac; lungs
provide a membrane
For gaseous exchange; since they are not in direct contact with
all other parts of the body, lungs require a circulatory system to
transport gases to the rest of the body;
Found in birds, reptiles, and mammals.
A. Air moves by bulk flow into and out of the lung.
B. Gases diffuse across the inner respiratory surfaces of the
lungs.
C. Pulmonary circulation allows the diffusion of dissolved gases
across lung capillaries.
D. In body tissues, oxygen diffuses from blood ----interstitial
fluid—cells; the pathway of carbon dioxide is in reverse.
E. All lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the heart
and return oxygenated blood to the heart.
#6. Compare breathing mechanisms in
VERTEBRATES

I. Amphibians ventilate their lungs by positive

pressure breathing which forces air down
the trachea.
II. Birds use a system of air sacs as blower to
keep air flowing through the lungs in one
direct on only, preventing the mixing of
incoming and outgoing air.
III. Mammals ventilate their lungs by negative
pressure breathing which pulls air into the
lungs when the volume of the lungs expands
as the rib muscles and diaphragm contract.
#7. Describe the Human Respiratory
system
I. Air enters or leaves the
respiratory system through
nasal cavities where air is
filtered by hair and cilia,
warmed by blood vessels, and
moistened with mucus.
#8: Discuss the coordination of
gas exchange and
circulation
I. OXYGEN TRANSPORT
A. Oxygen diffuses down a pressure gradient
from the lungs into the plasma-red blood
cells-binds to hemoglobin ( 4 molecules per
hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin).
B. Hemoglobin gives up its oxygen in tissues
where partial pressure of oxygen is low,
blood is warmer, partial pressure of carbon
dioxide is higher, and pH is lower; these four
conditions occur in tissues with high
metabolism.
II. Carbon Dioxide
Transport
A. Carbon dioxide diffuses down its partial
pressure gradient from the tissues into the
blood plasma and red blood cells—air in
alveoli.
B. 7 % is dissolved in plasma, 23% binds with
hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin,
and 70% is in bicarbonate form.
C. Bicarbonate and carbonic acid formation is
enhanced by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase,
which is located in the red blood cells.
III. Coordination of air flow with blood
flow
A. Gas exchange in the alveoli is most
efficient when air flow equals the
rate of blood flow.
B. Local controls within the lungs
correct imbalances in air and blood
flow by constricting or dilating
both bronchioles and arterioles.
9. Explain the control of
respiration in vertebrates:
I. The nervous system controls oxygen and
carbon dioxide levels for the entire body by
regulating the rate and depth of breathing.
II. The brain monitors the pH of the CSF fluid
through the censors (reflecting CO2
concentration in the blood).
III. Secondary control is exerted by sensors
in the aorta and carotid arteries that
monitor blood levels of O2 as well as CO2
(via blood pH).
 10. Describe some respiratory adaptations
to extreme conditions such as low-O2
environments:

I. Animals that inhabit high altitudes have

larger hearts and lungs, and hemoglobin
with a high affinity for binding O2.
II. Many diving animals have unusually
high hematocrits ( ratio of the volume of
the whole blood) and also muscles with
high amounts of myoglobin ( and O2-
binding proteins found in muscle cells).
11. Cite some respiratory
problems and impact on
public
I.
health
In a respiratory disorder like asthma, the muscles around
bronchioles contract more than usual, increasing resistance to
airflow.
II. Emphysema is an abnormal condition of the lungs marked by
decreased respiratory function; associated with smoking or
chronic bronchitis or old age.
III. Smoking tobacco products is one of the leading global
causes of death and is strongly linked to cancer, cardiovascular
disease, stroke and emphysema.
IV. Pneumonia is an infectious disease involving inflammation and
fluid build up in the lungs.
 PERFORMANCE TASK
GROUPS 1 and 2 ( DRAW A MONOCOT ZEA MAYS)
GROUPS 3 and 4 ( DRAW a DICOT ( IXORA sp.)
GROUPS 5 and 6 ( DRAW a TRACHEAL SYSTEM OF THE
INSECTS)

1. Drawings are in the PPT.

2. Please follow the instructions very well. Not following
instructions means a deductions to your scores.
3. Pass on time. Remember Early Birds catches worms and the
second mouse gets the cheese.
4. Use a (1 whole illustration board) for your drawings and
Make it colorful and label is very important.
 PERFORMANCE TASK
(Midterm)
1. DRAW A MONOCOT ZEA MAYS with Label follow this picture
DICOT (Ixora sp.)
Tracheal System of the insects
(
(Rhoeo spathacea) Draw the leaf epidermis showing the stoma.
Label the stomal pore, guard cells, subsidiary or accessory cells