GROUP 1 PRESENTORS

Christian Lovely Shammah Jistine

REPORTER 1 REPORTER 2 REPORTER 3 REPORTER 4
What is Industrial The Science and The Roots and Early
Introduction
Psychology? Practices of I/O History of I/O
Psychology Psychology
INDUSTRIAL/ ORGANIZATIONAL
PSCHOLOGY
GROUP 1
 Table of contents
Introduction What is Industrial
1 of Industrial Psychology 2 Psychology

The Science The Roots and Early

3 Practices of Industrial 4 History of Industrial /Organizational
/Organizational Psychology Psychology, the I/O Psychology
today and in the Future.
 1
Introduction
Industrial / Oraganizational Psychology Christian
 2
What is
Industrial / Oraganizational Psychology Lovely
?
 What is
? Psychology
?
What is
Psychology

?
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and
mental processes. Psychologists use systematic
scientific methods in an effort to understand more
about the hows and whys of behavior and human
thought processes.
 Then what is
Industrial /
? organizational
Psychology

?
What is I/O
Psychology

?
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
the branch of psychology that is concerned
with the study of behavior in work settings
and the application of psychology principles
to change work behavior.
 3
The Science
Practices of Industrial /Organizational Psychology

Shammah
 I/O psychology has two objectives: first, to conduct research in an effort
to increase our knowledge and understanding of human work behavior; and
second, to apply that knowledge to improve the work behavior, the work
environment, and the psychological conditions of workers. Thus, I/O
psychologists are trained to be both scientists and practitioners, in what is
referred to as the scientist–practitioner model. Although some I/O
psychologists may identify primarily as either scientists or practitioners,
most I/O psychologists believe that the best practitioners are strongly based
in the science of I/O psychology (Anderson, Herriot, & Hodgkinson, 2001;
Katzell & Austin, 1992). There have been many calls for I/O scholars and
practitioners to work more closely together so that research informs the
practice of I/O psychology, improving workplaces (e.g., Cascio & Aguinis,
2008).
 The scientific objective of I/O psychology involves the study and
understanding of all aspects of behavior at work. As scientists, I/O
psychologists conduct research and publish the results of these efforts in
professional journals such as those listed in Table 1.1. The information
published in these journals helps inform the practice of I/O psychology
(Latham, 2001). We will discuss the scientific objective in great depth in
Chapter 2.
 It is important to realize, however, that the study of work behavior is a
multidisciplinary, cooperative venture. Industrial/organizational
psychologists are not the only professionals who study work behavior.
Researchers in the fields of management, sociology, political science,
organizational communication, economics, and several other social
sciences contribute to what we know and understand about the worker and
work organizations. Because this research takes place on many fronts, I/O
psychologists need to be aware of recent developments in other fields. A
quick look at the titles of journals that publish research of interest to I/O
psychologists illustrates the multidisciplinary nature of the study of work
behavior, including such terms as management, business, personnel, and
the related area of ergonomics (see Table 1.1).
 The multidisciplinary nature of the study of work behavior may be
illustrated by current research on virtual work teams. Greater numbers of
workers are physically distant from one another. Yet these workers must
collaborate and work together in teams. In studying virtual work teams, an
information scientist might be concerned with the issue of improving the
information technology so that the team members can coordinate activities
efficiently. An organizational communication specialist might be concerned
with understanding how 24the loss of the nonverbal cues present in face-to-
face work teams might adversely affect the development of good working
relationships among team members. A cognitive scientist might want to study
the processes by which virtual teams generate ideas and make decisions.
 A management expert could be primarily concerned with how to lead and
manage virtual work teams, whereas an economist might concentrate on the
costs and benefits of virtual organizations. Many work issues are similarly
complex and need to be examined from a variety of perspectives. Most
important, we need to keep an open mind and stay in touch with what other
disciplines are doing if we are going to truly understand the working world
and human work behavior. The applied objective of I/O psychology involves
the application of psychological principles and of knowledge gleaned from
psychological research to work behavior. As practitioners, I/O psychologists
may be called on to deal with specific work-related problems or issues. For
example, an I/O psychologist might evaluate an employee testing program or
conduct an employee attitude survey or some type of employee training
program.
 4
The Roots and Early
History of Industrial /Organizational Psychology, the
I/O Psychology today and in the Future.

Jistine
 Who is

? this
?
Frederick W.
Taylor
The
Beginnings...
 The Beginnings...

20th World War 1 The Great The Postwar

Century and the 1920s Depression Years Years and the
and the WW2 Mothern Era
 Hugo
Munsterburg
Experimental Psychologist
 Walter
Dill Scott
Experimental Psychologist
 Federick
Winslow Taylor
Mechanical Engineer
Time-and-Motion Studies procedures in which work tasks are
broken down into simple component movements and the
movements timed to develop a more efficient method for
performing the tasks.

Scientific Management begun by Frederick

Taylor, a method of using scientific
principles to improve the efficiency and
productivity of jobs.
 Frank and
Lillian Gilbreth
Taylor’s Followers
 The Beginnings...

20th World War 1 The Great The Postwar

Century and the 1920s Depression Years Years and the
and the WW2 Mothern Era
WW1 and

?
the 1920s

At the outbreak of World War I, Robert Yerkes, who was president of

the American Psychological Association, and a group of psychologists
worked with the U.S. Army to create intelligence tests for the placement of
Army recruits. The Army Alpha and Beta tests (the Alpha test was used for
those who could read; the Beta test for non-literate recruits) represented the
first mass testing efforts and set the stage for future testing efforts.

1921 - the first doctoral degree in industrial psychology was awarded ,

and psychologists worked directly with industries as consultants and
researchers.
WW1 and

?
the 1920s

1920 - first psychological consulting organizations began.

Walter Dill Scott opened a short-lived personnel consulting firm in

1919, and ;

1921 - the Psychological Corporation was founded by James McKeen

Cattell
 The Beginnings...

20th World War 1 The Great The Postwar

Century and the 1920s Depression Years Years and the
and the WW2 Mothern Era
 Elton Mayo
Psychologist, Industrial Researcher &
Organizational Theorist
Elton Mayo
?

Western Electric Company in Hawthorne, Illinois

 Mayo explored the effects of lighting on worker productivity

 Hawthorne Effect changes in behavior occurring as a function of

participants’ knowledge that they are being observed and their expectations
concerning their role as research participants

 Human Relations Movement a movement based on the studies of Elton

Mayo that emphasizes the importance of social factors in influencing work
performance
WW 2 ?

World War II also contributed greatly to the growth of I/O psychology. First, the
tremendous need for state_x0002_of-the-art machinery, and the increasing
complexity of that machinery, was an important impetus for human factors
psychology and for training soldiers to operate the equipment. Second, I/O
psychologists were called on to improve selection and placement of military
personnel, continuing the work that psychologists had begun during World War I.
WW 2 ?

The Army General Classification Test, a group-administered, pencil-and-

paper test, was developed to separate recruits into categories based on
their abilities to learn military duties and responsibilities. Screening tests
were also created to select candidates for officer training. In addition,
psychologists helped the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS)—the
forerunner of today’s CIA—develop intensive assessment strategies for
selecting candidates for dangerous espionage positions. Some of these
techniques included “hands-on” situational tests in which candidates had to
perform some tasks under difficult and near-impossible conditions.
 The Beginnings...

20th World War 1 The Great The Postwar

Century and the 1920s Depression Years Years and the
and the WW2 Mothern Era
 Industrial/Organizational
Psychology Today and in the
Future
First Trend: The
Changing Nature of
Work...
1st Trend?

Organizational Downsizing a strategy of reducing an organization’s

workforce to improve organizational efficiency and/or
competitiveness.

Outsourcing contracting with an external organization to accomplish

work tasks
Second Trend:
Expanding Focus on
Human Resources...
2nd Trend ?

Organizational Downsizing a strategy of reducing an organization’s

workforce to improve organizational efficiency and/or
competitiveness.

Outsourcing contracting with an external organization to accomplish

work tasks
Third Trend: Increasing
Diversity and
Globalization of the
Workforce...
Many organizations today are international
with offices around the globe
Fourth Trend: Increasing
Relevance of I/O
Psychology in Policy and
Practice...
Cascio and Aguinis(2008) suggest a number of workplace and social issues and
questions that should be addressed by I/O psychology in the future. These
include:

❚ Selecting and developing better organizational leaders—including leaders who

are ethical and socially responsible.

❚ Improving the lot of workers through fair compensation, flexible work policies
(including work–family issues), and reducing discrimination in the workplace.

❚ Leveraging workforce diversity and globalization in optimal

ways.

❚ Improving performance through optimal management

and development of talent.

❚ Helping organizations (and the people in them)

to embrace positive change and be more innovative.
Thank You for
Listening
 GROUP 1 PRESENTORS

Christian Lovely Shammah Jistine

REPORTER 1 REPORTER 2 REPORTER 3 REPORTER 4
What is Industrial The Science and The Roots and Early
Introduction
Psychology? Practices of I/O History of I/O
Psychology Psychology
 Contact me!

Address Phone
P-2 San Teodoro, BADS 09121646326

Email Website
jistinemaemaslog@gmail.com Maghimo pa
 REFERENCE

Ronaldo_E._Riggio_Introduction_to_Industrial_Organiz-li.org