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Risk Assessment 2

The document discusses the evolution of risk assessment, emphasizing that risk is now viewed as a spectrum rather than a binary state. It covers intimate partner violence, addressing myths and societal stigmas, and highlights the complexities of sexual offenses, including classifications of offenders and reasons victims may not report incidents. Additionally, it outlines treatment options for sexual offenders, including aversion therapy and pharmacological interventions.

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6 views17 pages

Risk Assessment 2

The document discusses the evolution of risk assessment, emphasizing that risk is now viewed as a spectrum rather than a binary state. It covers intimate partner violence, addressing myths and societal stigmas, and highlights the complexities of sexual offenses, including classifications of offenders and reasons victims may not report incidents. Additionally, it outlines treatment options for sexual offenders, including aversion therapy and pharmacological interventions.

Uploaded by

7vb42qps4k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Risk assessment

Contd…
• Prior to the1990s, risk was seen as a dichotomy—the
individual w as either dangerous or not dangerous
• Nowadays, risk is regarded as a range—the individual can vary
in the degree to which he or she is considered dangerous
• The focus on probability reflects two considerations.
• First, it highlights the idea that probabilities may change
across time.
• Second, it recognizes that risk level reflects an interaction
among a person’s characteristics, background, and possible
future situations that will affect whether the person engages
in violent behaviour.
Intimate partner violence
• Domestic violence:
• Any violence occurring between family members
• Domestic violence typically occurs in private settings.
Intimate partner violence
• Any violence occurring between intimate partners who
are living together or separated. Also known as spousal
violence
Facts about intimate partner
relationships
• It is rampant but because of the social stigma it isn’t
talked about or reported
• Myth Only heterosexual women get battered. Men are
not victims, and women never batter
• Myth - When a woman leaves a violent relationship, she
is safe.
• Myth -Alcohol and/or drugs cause people to act
aggressively.
• Myth - When a woman gets hit by her partner, she must
have provoked him in some way
• Myth - Maybe things will get better
Questions to ponder about
• Is intimate partner violence invariably male-initiated?
• Is there a gender bias in police responses to intimate
partner violence?
• Is there intimate partner violence in same-sex
relationships?( more in lesbian and bisexual women)
• Are the patterns of intimate partner violence the same
in gay and lesbian couples?(gay-physical and emotional
abuse ,lesbian –social isolation)
Sexual Offenders
Why don’t adult sexual offender victims
report it to the police?

• often don’t feel that the matter is important enough


• they fear revenge by the offender
• they believe the police would not be able to find the offender
• they do not want to get the offender in trouble
• they fear they would bring shame or dishonor to their family,
• they feel the matter is too personal and do not want others to know
• simply do not want to involve the police and deal with the hassle of the
court process
Definition of Sexual
Assault
• Sexual assault became defined as any
nonconsensual sexual act by either a male or
female person to either a male or female person,
regardless of the relationship between the people
involved.
Classification of sexual offenders
• Voyeurs obtain sexual gratification by observing
unsuspecting people, usually strangers, who are naked,
in the process of undressing, or engaging in sexual
activity

• Exhibitionists obtain sexual gratification by exposing


their genitals to strangers.

• These two types of sexual offenders are sometimes


referred to as hands-off or no-contact sexual offenders
Classification of sexual offenders
• Rapists are offenders who sexually assault victims aged
16 years or older.
• Pedophile is an adult whose primary sexual orientation
is toward children( attracted to prepubescent children)
• Child molester/sexual offender against children refers to
individuals who have actually sexually molested a child.
Classification of sexual offenders
• Child molesters can fall into two categories: intra-
familial and extra-familial.
• Intra-familial child molesters (also called incest
offenders) are those who sexually abuse their own
biological children or children for whom they assume a
parental role, such as a stepfather or live-in boyfriend.
• Extra-familial child molesters sexually abuse
children outside the family.
Subtypes of rapists based on their
motivation
• The opportunistic type
• commit sexual assault that is generally impulsive, void
of sexual fantasies, controlled primarily by situational or
contextual factors. These offenders often engage in
other criminal behaviors
• The pervasively angry type
• high level of anger that is directed toward both men and
women. These offenders tend to be impulsive, use
unnecessary force, cause serious victim injury, and be
void of sexual fantasies.
Subtypes of rapists based on their
motivation
• The sexual type
• is distinguished from the other types in that these
offenders’ crimes are primarily motivated by sexual
preoccupation or sexual fantasies.
• The sadistic type
• is differentiated from the sexual type in that there must
be a sadistic element to the offence.
Subtypes of rapists based on their
motivation
• The fifth type is labelled vindictive.
• the vindictive rapist’s anger is focused solely on
women. These offenders are not impulsive, nor are they
preoccupied by sexual fantasies. The goal of this type of
rapist is to demean and degrade the victim.
Reasons to commit sexual offences.

• They totally deny having committed the act


• Cognitive distortions-they feel it was an act of
love/bonding
• Lack empathy
• Lack social skills like
• Substance abuse
• Deviant sexual interests
• Penile phallometry: A measurement device placed
around the penis to measure changes in sexual arousal
Treatment

• Aversion therapy (pairing of aversive stimuli with


deviant behaviour)
• Mastubatory satiation-first masturbate to non deviant
sexual fantasy then to deviant fantasy .so they don’t
get aroused to deviant fantasy but highly objected)
• Pharmacological interventions like SSRI(selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors) diminish sexual desires

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