TCL 3205: Antenna

Engineering

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING HONOURS

DEGREE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
 REFERENCE TEXTS

 John D Kraus, Ronald J Marhefka, Ahmed S Khan

“Antenna and wave propagation” 4th Edition 2010
 Constantine Balanis. A, “Antenna Theory: Analysis and
Design”, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2012.
 Abdollah Ghasemi, Ali Abedi, Farshid Ghasemi,
“Propagation Engineering in a Radio Links Design”,
Springer Science + Business media, New York, 2013.
 Stutzman, Warren L, Gary A.Thiele, “Antenna theory and
design”, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons 2012
 Ghasemi, A., Abedi, A. and Ghasemi, F., 2013.
Propagation engineering in radio links design. Springer
Science & Business Media.
 Prasad, K.D. and Handa, D., 2003. Antenna and wave
propagation. Satya Prakashan.
2
Brief Course Outline
Antenna Fundamentals

Antenna Arrays

Antenna types and applications

Antenna Measurements

Wave propagation

3
 Assessment Scheme
Course nature Theory

Assessment Method (Weightage

100%)

Assessm Test I Test II Test III Assignm

ent tool ent I Assignme
Total
Unit Unit Unit I nt II
In-semester I&II III&IV to IV
Weighta 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 25%
ge
Final Exam End of Semester Examination 75%
Weightage :
4
Antennas in Wireless Communication

5
 Antenna Fundamentals- Unit I
 Basic antenna parameters
 Basic Antenna parameters, Antenna field zones
 Antenna Reciprocity Theorem
 Friis transmission equation
 Radiation: Retarded potential
 Far Field due to an alternating current element, Power Radiated by a current element
 Far field due to sinusoidal current distribution for half wave dipole and Quarter wave monopole

6
 Introduction
A brief overview of contemporary antenna types used
 cellular,
 communication links
 satellite communication
 radar,
 other microwave and
 millimeter wave systems

Microwave is presumed to cover the frequency spectrum from 800 MHz to

94 GHz

7
 Types of antennas
Loop Antenna Log periodic antenna Horn antenna

Helical Antenna

Dipole
Patch antenna Antenna
Half wave dipole
antenna
Monopole
Antenna

8
 Antenna fundamentals contn’d
Antenna- fundamentally a device that translates guided wave energy into radiating
energy
Electromagnetic radiation- is the emission of energy from a device in the form of
electromagnetic waves
Radiation pattern- is a graphical or mathematical description of the radiation
properties of an antenna as a function of space coordinates. The
standard (r, ) spherical coordinate system is typically used
Directivity (D) - Directivity of an antenna is the ratio of radiation density in the
direction of maximum radiation to the radiation density averaged
over all the directions
D= =
Directivity is proportional to the Effective Aperture Area of Antenna
Gain= - where η is Efficiency of Antenna
Effective Area-
9
2D - Antenna Radiation Pattern

10
 Antenna Radiation Pattern

An isotropic radiator is defined as “a hypothetical

lossless antenna having equal radiation in all directions.”
Omnidirectional- “having an
essentially nondirectional
pattern in a given plane (in this
case in azimuth) and a
directional pattern in any
orthogonal plane (in this
case in elevation).”

Directional Antenna- having

the property of radiating or
receiving electromagnetic
waves more effectively in some
directions than in others 11
 FIELD REGIONS / ZONES
Reactive Near-field Region,
that portion of the near-field region immediately surrounding the antenna wherein
the reactive field predominates.” For most antennas, the outer
boundary of this region is commonly taken to exist at a distance
from the antenna surface, where λ is the wavelength and D is the largest
dimension of the antenna

Fresnel- Radiating Near Field

that region of the field of an antenna between the reactive near-field region and
the far-field region wherein radiation fields predominate and wherein the
angular field distribution is dependent upon the distance from the antenna.
Distance from the antenna R is

Fraunhofer- Far Field Region

region of the field of an antenna where the angular field distribution is essentially
independent of the distance from the antenna 12
Antenna Amplitude changes

13
 Antenna fundamentals contn’d
Beamwidth - the angular separation between two identical points on opposite side of
the pattern maximum
Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW)- the plane containing the direction of the maximum of a
beam, the angle between the two directions in which the radiation intensity is
one-half value of the beam.
First-Null Beamwidth (FNBW)- the angular separation between the first nulls of the pattern

14
 Antenna fundamentals contn’d
Bandwidth - the range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with
respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specified standard

Antenna Polarization- Polarization of a radiated wave is defined as “that property of an electromagnetic

wave describing the time-varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric-
field vector; specifically, the figure traced as a function of time by the extremity of
the vector at a fixed location in space, and the sense in which it is traced, as
observed along the direction of propagation.”

15
 Antenna fundamentals contn’d
Antenna Polarization- Polarization of a radiated wave is defined as “that property of an electromagnetic
wave describing the time-varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric-
field vector; specifically, the figure traced as a function of time by the extremity of
the vector at a fixed location in space, and the sense in which it is traced, as observed
along the direction of propagation.”

𝑬=𝒂 𝜽 𝑬 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎 𝒕+𝒂 𝝓 𝑬 𝝓 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 +𝜶)

Case 1: Wave is Linearly Polarized

Case 2: Wave is Circularly Polarized

Case 3: Wave is Elliptically Polarized

16
Input Impedance and VSWR of Antenna

17
 Link Budget- Friis transmission Equation

Power density Example 1- A GSM1800 cell tower antenna is

transmitting 20W of power in the frequency
range of 1840 to 1845MHz. The gain of the
antenna is 17dB.
Find the power density at a distance of (a) 50m
and (b) 300m in the
direction of maximum radiation.
Friis formula is valid for a received signal
in the far field 18
Solution- Example 1

19
Example
Two lossless X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) horn antennas are
separated by 100λ. The reflection coefficients at the
terminals of the transmitting and receiving antennas
are 0.1 and 0.2, respectively. The maximum
directivities of the transmitting and receiving
antennas (over isotropic) are 16 dB and 20 dB,
respectively. If the input power in the lossless
transmission line connected to the transmitting
antenna is 2W, and the antennas are aligned for
maximum radiation between them and are
polarization-matched, find the power delivered to the
load of the receiver.

20
Coordinate system for radiation
pattern measurement.

21
22
 Antenna Arrays
Arrays of Two Isotropic Sources
 Principles of Pattern Multiplication
 Linear Array of N Elements with Uniform Amplitude
 Broadside
 Ordinary Endfire

23
Two Same Dipoles and Pattern
Multiplication

24
PATTERN MULTIPLICATION

25