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Boundary Layer Solutions and Assignments

The document discusses the development of a two-dimensional laminar jet and its characteristics, including the jet thickness and centerline velocity scales in relation to mass and momentum conservation. It explores integral solutions for boundary layer equations, velocity and temperature profiles, and similarity solutions for analyzing flow behavior. Additionally, it presents assignments related to hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses under various heating conditions and addresses the existence of similarity solutions for laminar thermal boundary layers.

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Arghadeep Biswas
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14 views22 pages

Boundary Layer Solutions and Assignments

The document discusses the development of a two-dimensional laminar jet and its characteristics, including the jet thickness and centerline velocity scales in relation to mass and momentum conservation. It explores integral solutions for boundary layer equations, velocity and temperature profiles, and similarity solutions for analyzing flow behavior. Additionally, it presents assignments related to hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses under various heating conditions and addresses the existence of similarity solutions for laminar thermal boundary layers.

Uploaded by

Arghadeep Biswas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem

Consider the development of a two-dimensional laminar jet discharging in the x direction into a fluid
reservoir that contains the same fluid as the jet (Fig). The reservoir pressure P∞ is uniform. The jet is
generated by a narrow slit of width D0; the average fluid velocity through the slit is U0.

Let D(x) and U(x) be the jet thickness scale and the centerline velocity scale at a sufficiently long
distance x away from the nozzle (the slit). Relying on the mass and momentum conservation equations,
on boundary layer theory (D << x), and on scale analysis in a flow region of length x and thickness D,
determine the order of magnitude of D and U in terms of D0, U0, x, and ν:
Integral solutions

Integral boundary layer equations for momentum and energy

(1)

(2)
Velocity profile
Assume uniform flow (U∞, P∞ = constants)

Assume that the shape of the longitudinal velocity profile is described by


y
n
(3) 

Substituting into equation (1) gives


The resulting expressions for local boundary layer thickness and skin friction
coefficient are

with the following notation:


Temperature profile

Heat transfer coefficient information is extracted in a similar fashion from eq. (2)
with dT∞/dx = 0

y
(4) p
T

1. For high-Pr fluids,  T  


Integral energy equation (2) reduces to

T


1. For low-Pr fluids (liquid metals),  T  
Integral energy equation (2) reduces to

T


The sum of two integrals stems from the fact that when δT >> δ, immediately next
to the wall (0 < y < δ), the velocity is described by the assumed shape U∞m,
whereas for (δ < y < δT), the velocity is uniform, u = U∞ .
Since Δ is much greater than unity, the second integral dominates
Similarity solutions

 The basic idea in the construction of these solutions is the observation


that from one location x to another, the u and T profiles look similar
(hence, the name similarity solutions)

 Geometry, similarity, pattern and design (drawing) are at the core of science

Velocity profile
 Mathematically, the stretching of a master velocity profile amounts to writing

u
 function( )
U
where the similarity variable η is proportional to y and the proportionality factor
depends on x.
Construction of similar profiles in the analysis of velocity boundary layers.
u
 function( )
U
where the similarity variable η is proportional to y and the proportionality factor depends on x.
Let,
  y  y g ( x)

Substituting into momentum BL equation we will eventually get the Blasius equation as

1 With boundary condition as ,


 '''( )   ( ) ''( ) 0 u=0 at y=0
2 v=0 at y=0
u→u∞ at y→∞
Where,
y u
 and  '( ) 
 x / U U
Temperature profile

The heat transfer part of the problem was solved along similar lines.
Introducing the dimensionless similarity temperature profile

The boundary layer energy equation assumes the form

Pr With, boundary condition as


 ''( )   ( ) '( ) 0
2
Solution gives
  Pr  
0 exp   2 o  ( )d  
 ( ) 
  Pr  
0  2 o
exp   (  ) d   d 

 t      d   k (t0  t )
q  k    k (t  t0 ) 
''
0  k (t 0  t  )     '(0)
 y  0  y  0  d y  0  x / U
The local Nu can be defined as

Pohlhausen calculated several θ'(0) values that for Pr > 0.5 are correlated accurately
by

Gives

The average heat flux obtained in this manner can be non-dimensionalized as the overall
Nusselt number:

Gives
Limitations
 In concluding this section, it is worth noting the imperfect character of boundary
layer theory and the approximation built into the exact similarity solution.

 Examination of the Blasius solution for the velocity normal to the wall shows
that v tends to a finite value, 0.86U∞ Rex−1/2, as η tends to infinity.

 Because in boundary layer theory v/U∞ ∼ Rex−1/2 as η → ∞, this theory becomes


‘‘better’’ as Rex1/2 increases, that is, as the boundary layer region becomes more
slender.
 Other limitations of the theory is the breakdown of the slenderness feature in
the region near the tip.
Assignments
Find the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness (δ), thermal boundary layer thickness
(δT), wall share stress (τ) and heat transfer coefficient for the following cases

1. When the flat plate is heated at different sections with uniform temperature difference as presented
in the figure 1.

Figure 1. Arbitrary wall temperature


2. The flat plate is heated with an uniform heat flux as presented in figure 2.

Figure 2. Uniform heat flux

3. A hot flat plate with uniform temperature T0 (> T∞ ) is placed in a stream of uniform pressure
gradient.
Hint: Assume U  (x) Cx m
4. Fluid is flowing into or out of the wall surface.

Hint: The wall surface will have normal velocity v0(x). That can be positive or negative depending on
the situation.
Positive v0 values indicate blowing, that is, the injection of fluid (the same fluid type as in the free
stream) from the wall into the boundary layer. Negative v0 values represent suction, the removal of
some of the boundary layer fluid by forcing it to flow through the porous surface of the wall.
5. The flat plate in is an isothermal wall ( with T0 temperature ) and coated with a layer of solid material of
thermal conductivity kw. The layer thickness may be nonuniform, t(x); however, it is sufficiently smaller
than the wall length L so that the effect of longitudinal conduction through this layer can be neglected.

Figure 3. Laminar boundary layer flow


over an isothermal wall coated with a solid
of variable thickness.
Problem 2
It has been claimed that a similarity solution does not exist for the laminar thermal
boundary layer over a flat plate with uniform heat flux Develop this similarity solution
for the flat plate geometry. As a similarity temperature variable, choose θ(η,Pr), where

Show that the energy equation in the boundary layer reduces to


Problem 3
Consider the flow of air which has a free stream temperature of O°C over the
adiabatic Airplane wing as shown in Figure. If the flow in the boundary layer can
be assumed to be laminar, determine how the temperature of the wing surface
varies with Mach number. Assume Pr=0.7, γ=1.4 for air.
Temperature distributions in a laminar boundary layer with
and without viscous dissipation

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