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078BCE055

Chapter 2 discusses deep foundations, which are necessary when surface strata are weak or irregular, and outlines their types including pile, pier, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations transfer loads to deeper strata and can be classified by load transfer mode, material, installation method, and soil displacement. Pier foundations involve large concrete structures, while caisson foundations are hollow boxes used underwater, with variations including open, pneumatic, and floating caissons.

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4 views11 pages

078BCE055

Chapter 2 discusses deep foundations, which are necessary when surface strata are weak or irregular, and outlines their types including pile, pier, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations transfer loads to deeper strata and can be classified by load transfer mode, material, installation method, and soil displacement. Pier foundations involve large concrete structures, while caisson foundations are hollow boxes used underwater, with variations including open, pneumatic, and floating caissons.

Uploaded by

Gaurab Thapa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2:

FOUNDATION

Group No. 02;

Diwash Bist Tutor:


[053] Asst. Prof. Thaman B.
Durgesh Yadav [054] Khadka
Gangadhar Basyal [055] Department Of Civil
Deep Foundation

• Foundations with depth to width ratio greater than 1 are considered deep foundations i.e. (d/w >
1).
• Necessity of deep foundation
⮚ -When the strata at or just below the ground surface is highly compressible and very weak to
support the load transmitted by structure.

⮚ -When the plan of the structure is irregular relative to its outline and load distribution. It would
cause non uniform settlement if shallow foundation is used.

⮚ -They are used to resist horizontal forces in addition to support the vertical loads in earth-
retaining structures and tall structures that are subjected to wind and earthquake.

⮚ -They are required for the transmission of structural loads through deep water to a firm stratum.
• Types of Deep Foundation
⮚ 1.Pile Foundation
⮚ 2.Pier Foundation
⮚ 3.Caisson foundation

• 1.Pile Foundation
⮚ -Pile foundation is a slender structural member made of steel , concrete
or wood that transfers load imposed by superstructure to deeper strata.
⮚ -Generally, their diameter is less than 0.6m.
Uses of Pile Foundation
⮚ -It may be used instead of raft foundation where no firm
bearing strata exists at reasonable depth and loading is
uneven.
⮚ -Strip or spread footing is uneconomical.
⮚ -Water table is high.
⮚ -Superstructure subjected to wind and seismic loads.
⮚ -Soils is expansive(black cotton soil) or collapsible(loess).

• Classification of Piles:
1.Classification according to the mode of load transfer:
b. Friction Piles: These piles transmit loads through skin friction
between the embedded surface of the pile and the surrounding
soil. The ultimate load(Qu) carried by the pile is equal to the load
transferred by skin friction(Qs).

c. Combined end bearing and friction piles: These transfer loads


by a combination of end bearing and skin friction. Its ultimate load
is equal to the sum of the load carried by the pile point (Qp) and
the load carried by skin friction(Qs).
• 2. Classification according to material used
i. -Steel Piles
ii. -Concrete Piles
iii. -Timber Piles
iv. -Composite piles

• 3. Classification based on method of installation


i. -Driven Piles
ii. -Driven and Cast-in-situ Piles
iii. -Bored and Cast-in-situ Piles
iv. -Screw Piles
v. -Jacked Pile

• 4. Classification based on displacement of soils


i. -Displacement Piles
ii. -Non-Displacement Piles
• 2, Pier Foundation
- A pier is a large diameter concrete built in
the ground. For construction of a pier, a
large diameter hole is drilled in the ground
and subsequently filled with concrete.
Generally, the shafts of size greater than
0.6m are designated as piers.

Types of Pier Foundation


i. -> Masonry Pier
ii. -> Drilled concrete caisson
iii. -> Concrete in steel shell
iv. -> Concrete and steel core in steel shell
• Caisson Foundation
• A caisson is a type of foundation of the shape of
a hollow prismatic box , which is built above the
ground level and then sunk to the required
depth as a single unit . It is watertight chamber
used for laying foundations under water, as in
rivers, lakes, harbours etc.

• Types of Caisson Foundation


i. Open Caisson:
⮚ -Hollow chambers open at both ends with cutting edge at bottom.
⮚ -The cassion is sunk into place by removing soil from inside of shaft until the bearing
stratum is reached.
⮚ -Well foundations are special type of open caisson.

• ii.Pneumatic Caisson:
⮚ - It is closed at top, but open at bottom.
⮚ -It has a working space at its bottom in which compressed air is maintained at the
required pressure to prevent entry of water into chamber.
⮚ -Excavation is done in dry.
iii. Floating Caisson:
-> It is open at top but closed at bottom.
-> These are constructed on land and then
transported to the site and finally floated to
the place where these are to be finally installed.
-> These are sunk at that place by filling them
with sand, ballast, or concrete to a levelled
bearing surface.

Floating Caisson

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