Chapter 13

the periodic table

 13.1 classifying the elements
- groups and the periodic table
- metals and non-metals
- position of hydrogen in the periodic
table
- organization of the periodic table
What is - relationship between group number
and ionic charge
included in this 13.2 trends in groups
chapter ? - group 1 , the alkali metals
- group 7 , the halogens
- group 8 , the noble gases

13.3 trends across a period

- changes across a period
- transition elements
 Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals

The elements can be classified as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids:

Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, and are malleable (they can be hammered
into sheets) and ductile (they can be drawn into wire). Most of the metals are solids at room
temperature, with a characteristic silvery shine (except for mercury, which is a liquid).

Nonmetals are (usually) poor conductors of heat and electricity, and are not malleable or
ductile; many of the elemental nonmetals are gases at room temperature, while others are
liquids and others are solids.

Metalloids are intermediate in their properties. In their physical properties, they are more like
the nonmetals, but under certain circumstances, several of them can be made to conduct
electricity. These semiconductors are extremely important in computers and other electronic
devices.
 Metalloids
Metalloids are the elements that show the properties of both
metals and non-metals.
Properties of Metalloids
1. Metalloids Are Solids
All metalloids are solid at room temperature and have relatively high
melting points.
2. Metalloids Have a Metallic Luster and Appear to be
Metals
3. Metalloids Are Brittle and Easily
Broken
4. Metalloids Have the Ability To Conduct Electricity, but Not As Well as
Metals.
Metalloids can be manipulated to behave as either conductors or insulators.
This semiconducting behavior is what makes some, if not all, metalloids so
What are the “Main Group Elements”

The main group elements, also known as the representative elements,

consist of elements belonging to the s-block and p-block of the periodic
table and are most abundant on earth and space. Many elements in the
main group are necessary to life on earth, specifically oxygen, carbon,
nitrogen, and hydrogen.
What are Transition Elements?

Transition elements (also known as transition metals) are elements that

have partially filled d orbitals. an element having a (d subshell) that
is partially filled with electrons, or an element that has the
ability to form stable cations with an incompletely filled d
orbital.
In general, any element which corresponds to the d-block of the modern
periodic table (which consists of groups 3-12) is considered to be a
transition element. Even the f-block elements comprising the lanthanides
 what are the Lanthanides and
Actinides?
Lanthanides and Actinides are radioactive in nature. They
consist of 30 elements in total. They contain radioactive
elements such as Uranium.
Periodic Table: Periods

The periodic table has seven horizontal lines known as periods.

They are arranged in the order of their atomic numbers.
essentially the number of the row corresponds to the principal
quantum of the valance electron orbitals.
To find the ionic charge of an element you'll need to consult your Periodic
Table. On the Periodic Table metals (found on the left of the table) will be
positive. Non-metals (found on the right) will be negative. But you need to
know the specific ionic charge elements.
Summary of Periodic Table Properties of Elements

Moving Left → Right

•Atomic Radius Decreases
•Ionization Energy Increases
•Electron Affinity Generally Increases (except Noble Gas
Electron Affinity Near Zero)
•Electronegativity Increases

Moving Top → Bottom

•Atomic Radius Increases
•Ionization Energy Decreases
•Electron Affinity Generally Decreases Moving Down a Group
•Electronegativity Decreases
Electronegativity

• Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction of an

atom for the electrons in a chemical bond. The higher
the electronegativity of an atom, the greater its
attraction for bonding electrons.
• Generally, electronegativity increases from left to
right and decreases as you move down a group.
• the larger the difference between electronegativity
values, the more likely two atoms are to form a
chemical bond.
Electronegativity Trends ****According to
these two general
• From left to right across a trends, the most
period of elements, electronegative
electronegativity increases. element
is fluorine
• From top to bottom down a
group, electronegativity
decreases.
Metallic character Trends:
The elements which lose electrons to form cations are known as metals.
Metallic character increases as we move down the group because the
atomic size increases which lead to easy loss of electrons. On the other
hand, it decreases across a period as we move from left to right. This
happens because there is an increase in nuclear charge which makes it
difficult for an atom to lose electrons.

Non-metallic character Trends:

The elements which have a tendency to gain electrons are known as non-
metals. The tendency to gain electrons increases on moving across a period
due to an increase in the nuclear charge and a decrease in the atomic size.
Hence, non-metallic character increases across a period. As we move down
the group the non-metallic character decreases due to an increase in the
atomic size.
How does melting and boiling points change in
the periodic table ?
In general, the melting and boiling points of
elements increase as you move from left to right
across a period in the periodic table.
This is because the number of electrons in the
outermost shell of the atoms increases, leading to
stronger intermolecular forces and higher melting
and boiling points.
However, within a group, the trend is not as
clear, as the melting and boiling points can vary
due to differences in atomic size, electron
configuration, and other factors.
Density generally increases as you move from
left to right across the periodic table. This is
because the atoms on the right side of the table
have more protons in their nuclei, which creates
a stronger attraction between the positively-
charged protons and the negatively-charged
electrons. This results in the atoms on the right
side of the table being more dense than the
atoms on the left side of the table. Additionally,
density also increases as you move down the
periodic table, as the atoms have more electrons
and protons in their nuclei, which also results in
a stronger attraction between the particles and a
Reactions with water
The alkali metals react with water to produce a metal
hydroxide and hydrogen. For example, sodium reacts
with water:

Sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

Sodium hydroxide is an alkali. It is a base that dissolves

in water to form an alkaline solution. This solution:

• has a pH greater than 7

• turns universal indicator solution blue or purple
• Hydrogen gas is also produced. With very reactive
metals such as potassium, the energy of the reaction
causes the hydrogen to burn as the reaction takes
place.
Explaining the trend
When an element in group 1 takes part in a reaction, its atoms
lose their outer electron and form positively charged ions,
called cations. The more easily these cations form, the
more reactive the metal.
The reactivity of group 1 elements increases
as you go down the group because:

•the atoms become larger

•the outer electron becomes further from
the nucleus
•the force of attraction between the nucleus
and the outer electron decreases
•the outer electron is lost more easily
 Properties & Uses of the Noble Gases:

What are the Noble The noble gases are tasteless, odorless, colorless,
Gases? nonflammable, and mostly nonreactive. These
monatomic gases also conduct electricity and can
fluoresce. Because of their nonreactivity, one organic
The noble gases are a chemist even referred to them as the “lazy elements.”
group of six inert he noble gases all have very low melting and boiling
(nonreactive) gases on the points, due to their weak intermolecular forces. They
far right side of the are all very close to being ideal gases. Unlike the
halogens, noble gases are monatomic, meaning that
periodic table. They are they do not form molecules of multiple atoms – each
members of group 8 (18), “molecule” of the gas is just a single atom.
the last group on the Helium is the only element that will not freeze at
periodic table. atmospheric pressure, no matter how low the
All of the noble gases temperature.
the further down the group you go, the more reactive
occur in the atmosphere. the noble gases get. Xenon can form several
In fact, air is 0.934% argon compounds with fluorine. However, it is quite difficult
, while the other group 18 to get xenon and krypton to form compounds.
Periodic trends are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table
that illustrate different aspects of a certain element, including its size and
its electronic properties.
Major periodic trends
include:
• electronegativity
• ionization energy
• electron affinity
• atomic radius
• melting point
• metallic character
Melting Point Trends Generally the other trends are as
described : The elements on the left side
of a period tends to form more ionic
•Metals generally possess bonds, while those on the right side form
a high melting point. more covalent bonds.
•Most non-metals The atomic radius decreases along a
possess low melting points. period. As you go across a period,
•The non- electrons are added to the same energy
metal carbon possesses the level. Hence the force with which the
highest melting point of all nucleus pulls the electrons increases,
the elements. The semi- resulting in smaller atomic radii.
metal boron also possesses Metallic character decreases along a
a high melting point. period.
As you move across a period, first
ionization energy increases. As you move
across a period, the atomic radius
decreases, that is, the atom is smaller. The
outer electrons are closer to the nucleus