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Theories of Dev. Summary

The document discusses various theories of human development, highlighting the differences between growth (physical changes) and development (cognitive, social, and emotional changes). It covers key theories including Freud's Psychosexual Theory, Erickson's Psychosocial Theory, Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, and Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory, each outlining distinct stages and factors influencing development. Theories emphasize the importance of understanding both nature and nurture, critical periods, and the continuous nature of development throughout the lifespan.

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13 views12 pages

Theories of Dev. Summary

The document discusses various theories of human development, highlighting the differences between growth (physical changes) and development (cognitive, social, and emotional changes). It covers key theories including Freud's Psychosexual Theory, Erickson's Psychosocial Theory, Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, and Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory, each outlining distinct stages and factors influencing development. Theories emphasize the importance of understanding both nature and nurture, critical periods, and the continuous nature of development throughout the lifespan.

Uploaded by

vivianbosire7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Theories of human

development
How humans develop
Growth and development
Growth:
• Primarily physical changes.
• Measurable by size or quantity.
• Usually stops at a certain age.
• Example: A baby gaining weight.
Development:
• Includes physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes.
• Qualitative changes in skills and abilities.
• Can occur throughout life.
• Example: A child learning to walk or a teenager developing abstract
thinking skills.
Highlights of these theories
• Theories of human development primarily focus on
explaining how individuals grow and change throughout
their lifespan.
• Each theory outlines distinct stages and factors
influencing development across different life phases.
• Teachers need to identify aspects of a theory that are
important in explaining and supporting their students’
development and success.
Important aspects of human development
theories

• Nature vs. Nurture


• Debate about the relative influence of biological factors
("nature") and environmental factors ("nurture") on
development.
• Critical Periods
• Specific time windows during development where certain
experiences have a significant impact.
• Lifespan Perspective
• View that development is a continuous process occurring
throughout life, not just in childhood.
Freuds Psychosexual theory
• Freud's Psychosexual Theory:
• Emphasizes the role of unconscious desires and early
childhood experiences in shaping personality.
• Stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital,
with each stage focused on a specific erogenous zone.
• Fixation at a particular stage can lead to psychological
issues later in life.
Freud’s stages of development
• Oral Stage (birth to 1 year):
• Focuses on the mouth as the primary source of pleasure, with activities like sucking
and feeding being central.
• Anal Stage (1 to 3 years):
• Focuses on bowel and bladder control, with toilet training being a key aspect.
• Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years):
• The genitals become the primary focus of pleasure, and children may experience the
Oedipus complex (boys) or Electra complex (girls).
• Latency Stage (6 years to puberty):
• Sexual urges are largely suppressed, and children focus on social development and
intellectual pursuits.
• Genital Stage (puberty onwards):
• Sexual interest re-emerges and is directed towards mature sexual relationships.
Erickson’s Psychosocial theory
• Focuses on social and environmental factors impacting
development throughout the lifespan.
• Identifies eight psychosocial stages, each with a central
"crisis" that needs to be resolved for healthy
development.
• Examples of crises include trust vs. mistrust (infancy),
autonomy vs. shame/doubt (toddlerhood), and intimacy
vs. isolation (young adulthood).
Erickson’s stages
• Trust vs. mistrust: Birth to 18 months, children develop trust through care, reliability,
and affection from caregivers
• Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: 2 to 3 years, children develop a sense of
independence
• Initiative vs. guilt: 3 to 5 years, children learn to take initiative
• Industry vs. inferiority: 6 to 11 years, children learn new skills and compare
themselves to others
• Identity vs. role confusion: 12 to 18 years, adolescents explore their identity and are
influenced by peers
• Intimacy vs. isolation: 19 to 40 years, people navigate their relationships
• Generativity vs. stagnation: 40 to 65 years, people contemplate their
accomplishments
• Integrity vs. despair: 65 years to death, people reflect on their lives and develop
integrity
Piaget's Cognitive Development
Theory

• Examines how children actively construct their


understanding of the world through cognitive processes
like assimilation and accommodation.
• Stages include sensorimotor (birth to 2 years),
preoperational (2 to 7 years), concrete operational (7 to
11 years), and formal operational (11 years and
beyond).
• Each stage is characterized by distinct cognitive abilities
and limitations.
Piaget stages
• Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years):
• During this stage, infants learn about the world through their senses and
motor skills, developing concepts like object permanence.
• Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years):
• Children start using symbols and language to represent objects, but their
thinking is often egocentric and lacks logical reasoning.
• Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years):
• Children develop logical thinking abilities and can perform mental operations
on concrete objects, understanding concepts like conservation.
• Formal Operational Stage (11 years and beyond):
• Individuals can think abstractly, reason hypothetically, and consider multiple
possibilities.
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Theory:
• Focuses on the progression of moral reasoning through
different levels and stages.
• Stages include pre-conventional (based on external
rewards and punishments), conventional (following
societal rules), and post-conventional (abstract
principles and personal ethics).
Kohlberg’s theory
• Pre-conventional:
• Morality is determined by direct consequences (avoiding punishment, gaining
rewards).
• Typical in young children.
• Conventional:
• Morality is based on upholding social norms and laws, gaining approval from
others.
• Focus on "being a good boy/girl" and maintaining social order.
• Post-conventional:
• Morality is based on universal ethical principles, considering individual rights and
justice beyond societal rules.
• Individuals develop their own moral code and may even disobey laws if they
conflict with their principles.

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