BIBLIOGRAFIA

• Bernard J. Hamrock, Elementos de máquinas.

Ed. Mc Graw Hill.
• Robert L. Norton, Diseño de máquinas. Ed.
Prentice Hall.
• Shigley, Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, Ed.
Mc Graw-Hill
Load, Stress and Strain

When I am working on a problem, I never think

about beauty. I only think of how to solve the
problem. But when I have finished, if the solution
is not beautiful, I know it is wrong.

Richard Buckminster Fuller

Image: A dragline lifts a large load in a

mining operation.
 A Simple Crane

Figure 2.1 A simple crane and

forces acting on it. (a) Assembly
drawing; (b) free-body diagram
of forces acting on the beam.

text reference: Figure 2.1, page 30

 Supports and Reactions

Table 2.1: Four types of support with their

corresponding reactions.

text reference: Table 2.1, page 35

 Ladder Free Body Diagram

Figure 2.5: Ladder having contact with the house

and the ground while having a painter on the ladder.
Used in Example 2.4. The ladder length is l.

text reference: Figure 2.5, page 36

 Load Classification

Figure 2.2 Load classified as to location and method of application. (a) Normal,
tensile (b) normal, compressive; (c) shear; (d) bending; (e) torsion; (f) combined
text reference: Figure 2.2, page 31
 Sign Convention

Figure 2.3 Sign convention used

in bending. (a) y coordinate
upward; (b) y coordinate
downward.

text reference: Figure 2.3, page 32

 Lever Assembly

Figure 2.4 Lever assembly and results.

(a) Lever assembly; (b) results showning
(1) normal, tensile, (2) shear, (3)
bending, (4) torsion on section B of lever
assembly.

text reference: Figure 2.4, page 33

 Beam Supports

Figure 2.8 Three types of beam support. (a) Simply supported; (b) cantilevered; (c)
overhanging.

text reference: Figure 2.8, page 39

 Simply Supported Bar

Figure 2.9 Simply supported bar with (a) midlength load and reactions; (b) free-body
diagram for 0<x<l/2; (c) free body diagram for l/2<x<l; (d) shear and bending moment
diagrams.
text reference: Figure 2.9, page 40
 Singularity Functions (Part 1)

Table 2.2 Six singularity and load intensity functions with corresponding graphs and
expressions.
text reference: Table 2.2, page 43
 Singularity Functions (Part 2)

Table 2.2 Six singularity and load intensity functions with corresponding graphs and
expressions.
text reference: Table 2.2, page 43
 Shear and Moment Diagrams

Figure 2.10 (a) Shear and (b) moment diagrams for Example 2.8.

text reference: Figure 2.10, page 44

 Example 2.10

Ø6mm

□25mm
Ø10mm

Figure 2.12 Figures used in Example 2.10. (a) Load assembly drawing; (b) free-body
diagram.

text reference: Figure 2.12, page 48

 Example

Se desea transmitir una potencia de 40 CV a través de un eje que gira a 1500

rpm mediante una chaveta de profundidad máxima= 6 mmy L= 12 mm.
Datos: eje macizo de Øext=45.
 Example

40 CV a 1500 rpm H/2= 6 mmy L= 12

mm.Datos: eje macizo de Øext=45.

71720CV 71720 40

Mt   1912,5kg cm
n 1500
Determinación de cargas
Mt Ft r  Ft Mt 1912,5 850kg
r 2,25

Ft Ft 850
d    590,3 kg 2
Ac W L 1,2 1,2 cm
Determinación de esfuerzos
Ft Ft 850
d    1180,5 kg 2
Ap h L 0,6 1,2 cm
2
Aplicación Criterio de Fallo
S SY 0,577 SY 0,577 3800 2196,2 kg 2
cm
S SY 2196,2
ncd   3,7 Determinación del coeficiente de
d 590,3 seguridad para un material, en este
Sy 2196,2 caso AISI1040 615/380
n pd   1,86
d 1180,5
 General State of Stress

Figure 2.13 Stress element showing general state of three-dimensional stress with
origin placed in center of element.

text reference: Figure 2.13, page 49

 2-D State of Stress

Figure 2.14 Stress element showing two-dimensional state of stress. (a) Three
dimensional view; (b) plane view.

text reference: Figure 2.14, page 51

 Equivalent Stresses

Figure 2.15 Illustration of equivalent stresss states; (a) Stress element oriented in the
direction of applied stress. (b) stress element oriented in different (arbitrary)
direction.

text reference: Figure 2.15, page 52

Stresses in Oblique Plane

Figure 2.16 Stresses in oblique plane at angle .

text reference: Figure 2.16, page 52

 Stresses in Oblique Plane

 x  y x  y
  cos 2   xy sen2
2 2
x  y x  y
  sen2   xy cos 2  
2
sen2   xy cos 2

 2 xy
0  tan 2 
 x  y
 x  y
0  tan 2 
 2 xy

text reference: Shigley pag 28,29

 Mohr’s Circle

Figure 2.17 Mohr’s circle

diagram of Eqs. (2.13) and
(2.14).

text reference: Figure 2.17, page 55

 Mohr’s Circle Example

Un elemento con el siguiente estado tensional. Se desea: a) hallar los esfuerzos y

las direcciones principales e indicar en el elemento su orientación correcta, con
respecto al sistema xy. Se trazará otro elemento en que se muestren T1 y T2,
determinando los esfuerzos normales correspondientes y marcando los signos
letras.

 80 50 0
 0 0  MPa
 
 0

text reference: Shigley, page 31-32

 Results from Example

Figure 2.18 Results from Example

2.13 (a) Mohr’s circle diagram;
(b) stress element for principal normal
stresses shown in x-y coordinates;
(c) stress element for principal stresses
shown in x-y coordinates.

text reference: Figure 2.18, page 57

 Mohr’s Circle for Triaxial Stress State

Figure 2.19 Mohr’s circle for triaxial stress state. (a) Mohr’s circle representation;
(b) principal stresses on two planes.

text reference: Figure 2.19, page 59

 Example 3.5

Figure 2.20 Mohr’s circle diagram for

Example 3.5. (a) Triaxial stress state when
1=23.43 ksi, 2=4.57 ksi, and 3=0; (b)
biaxial stress state when 1=30.76 ksi and
2=-2.760 ksi; (c) triaxial stress state when
1=30.76 ksi, 2=0, and 3=-2.76 ksi.
text reference: Figure 2.20, page 60
 Stresses on Octahedral Planes

Figure 2.21 Stresses acting on octahedral planes. (a) General state of stress. (b)
normal stress; (c) octahedral shear stress.

text reference: Figure 2.21, page 61

 Normal Strain

Figure 2.22 Normal strain of cubic element subjected to uniform tension in x

direction. (a) Three dimensional view; (b) two-dimensional (or plane) view.

text reference: Figure 2.21, page 64

 Shear Strain

Figure 2.23 Shear strain of cubic element subjected to shear stress. (a) Three
dimensional view; (b) two-dimensional (or plane) view.

text reference: Figure 2.23, page 65

 Plain Strain

Figure 2.24 Graphical depiction of plane strain element. (a) Normal strain x; (b) normal
strain y; and (c) shear strain xy.

text reference: Figure 2.24, page 66

 Circular Bar with
Tensile Load

Figure 4.10 Circular bar with

tensile load applied.

text reference: Figure 4.10, page 149

 Example

text reference: Figure 2.12, page 48

Twisting due to Applied Torque

Figure 4.11 Twisting of member due to

applied torque.

r

l
Hipotesis de Coulomb: secciones
transversales circulares, permanecen planas.

Principio de Saint Venant: secciones

transversales no circulares.

text reference: Figure 4.11, page 152

 Bending of a Bar

Figure 4.12 Bar made of

elastomeric material to illustrate
effect of bending. (a)
Undeformed bar; (b) deformed
bar.

text reference: Figure 4.12, page 156

Elements in Bending

Figure 4.14 Undeformed and deformed

elements in bending.

text reference: Figure 4.14, page 157

 Bending Stress Distribution

Figure 4.15 Profile view of bending stress variation.

text reference: Figure 4.15, page 158

 Las secciones más económicas, serán aquellas que tengan el
mayor módulo resistente wz, con el menor gasto de material.

¿Calcular b´ tal que tengan el mismo valor de Wx?

 Example 4.10

Figure 4.16 U-shaped cross section experiencing bending moment,

used in Example 4.10.

text reference: Figure 4.16, page 159

Curved Member in Bending

(r  rn )d

r
text reference: Figure 4.17, page 161
 Curved Member in Bending

(r  rn )d E (r  rn )d
  E 
r r

Condición: sumatorio de esfuerzos en el rn=0

Ed (r  rn )
dA 
A
 
A
r
dA 0

dA A
A  rn  0  rn 
r dA

A

A
r
 Curved Member in Bending
E (r  rn )d
 E 
r

2
Ed (r  rn ) 2 Ed (r 2  2rrn  rn )
M (r  rn )(dA)   dA   dA 
A
 A r  A r
Ed  2 dA  Ed   Ed
  rdA  rn A  rn A  rn     rdA  rn A  Ae
  A r    A  

A _
1 _
rn  r  rdA e (r  rn )
dA AA

A
r

rEAe Mc
M 
r  rn Aer
Cross Section of Curved Member

Figure 4.18 Rectangular cross

section of curved member.

text reference: Figure 4.18, page 162

Example: Cross Section of Curved Member

Una sección transversal rectangular

de un elemento curvo, tiene las
dimensiones:
b= 1´ y h=r0-ri=3´, sometida a
un momento de flexión puro de
20000lbf-pulg.
Hallar:
a) Elemento recto.
b) Elemento curvo. r=15´.
c) Elemento curvo. r=3´.

text reference: Figure 4.18, page 162

Tabla de Ganchos
Example: Cross Section of Curved Member

Una sección trapezoidal de un

elemento curvo, tiene las
dimensiones:
ri=10 cm
F= 125 kg
Tadm=1380 Kg/cm2
Hallar: valor de a.

h b1  2b0
rn ri 
3 b1  b0

text reference: Figure 4.18, page 162

Development of Transverse Shear

Figure 4.19 How transverse shear is developed.

text reference: Figure 4.19, page 165

 Maximum Shear Stress

Table 4.3 Maximum shear

stress for different beam cross
sections.

text reference: Table 4.3, page 168