APEX INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING

Block Chain
Faculty: Ms. Komal Mehta(E15888)

DISCOVER . LEARN .
Komal Mehta(E15888)
EMPOWER
Komal.e15888@cumail.in
 Course Objectives
1. Understand Blockchain Basics – Learn key concepts like decentralization and
consensus.
2. Analyze Architecture – Identify blockchain components (blocks, nodes, transactions).
3. Explore Cryptography – Understand hashing, encryption, and digital signatures.
4. Evaluate Platforms & Use Cases – Compare blockchain platforms and real-world
applications.
5. Learn Smart Contracts & dApps – Understand smart contracts and decentralized
apps.
6. Study Security – Identify risks and privacy solutions in blockchain.
7. Explore Scalability & Interoperability – Discuss scalability and cross-chain solutions.
8. Examine Legal & Ethical Issues – Understand blockchain’s regulatory implications.
9. Develop Blockchain Solutions – Gain hands-on experience with blockchain
development.
10.Assess Future Trends – Explore emerging blockchain technologies and trends.

Komal Mehta(E15888)
Komal.e15888@cumail.in
 COURSE
OUTCOME
• CO1: Students will Understand the fundamentals of
blockchain technology
• CO2: Students will Analyze the role of decentralization
in blockchain systems
• CO3: Students will Evaluate various cryptographic
primitives and consensus algorithms
• CO4: Students will Apply blockchain technology to
real-world applications
• CO5: Students will Develop smart contracts using
Ethereum and Solidity.
Komal Mehta(E15888)
Komal.e15888@cumail.in
 Suggestive
Readings
TEXT BOOKS
• T1 Imran Bashir, "Mastering Blockchain: Distributed Ledger Technology, decentralization, and
smart contracts explained", Packt Publishing, 2018.
• T2 Andreas M. Antonopoulos, "Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies",
O'Reilly Publications, 2nd Edition.
• T3 Melanie Swan, "Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy", O'Reilly Publications, First Edition.
REFERENCE BOOKS
• R1 Mark Gates, " Ethereum: Complete Guide to Understanding Ethereum, Blockchain, Smart
Contracts, ICOs, and Decentralized Apps", Inverted Forest Publishing, 2016.
• R2 Chris Dannen, "Introducing Ethereum and Solidity", APress Publishing, 2017.
• R3 Elad Erom, "The Blockchain Developer", APress Publishing, 2017.
• R4 Narayan Prusty, "Building Blockchain Projects", Packt Publishing, 2017.
• R5 Arvind Narayanan, Joseph Bonneau, Edward Felten, Andrew Miller, Steven Goldfeder - Bitcoin
and Cryptocurrency Technologies: A Comprehensive Introduction, Princeton University Press, 2016.
• R6 Andreas M. Antonopoulos, "Mastering Bitcoin: Programming the Open Blockchain", O'Reilly
Publications, First Edition.

Komal Mehta(E15888)
Komal.e15888@cumail.in
 Table of Contents

• Blockchain Architecture
• Generic Elements & structure
• Benefits & Features of Blockchain
• Types of Blockchain

Komal Mehta(E15888)
Komal.e15888@cumail.in
Blockchain Architecture

The data which is stored inside a block depends on the type of blockchain. For
Example, A Bitcoin Block contains information about the Sender, Receiver,
number of bitcoins to be transferred.

Komal Mehta(E15888) Komal.e15888@cumail.in

 Blockchain Ecosystem

• Internet: Provides a basic communication layer

for any network
• Peer-to-peer network: Runs on top of the
internet, which hosts another layer of blockchain
• It contains transactions, blocks, consensus
mechanisms, state machines, and smart contracts
• Users/nodes: Connect to blockchain and
perform various operations such as participation
in consensus mechanism, transaction
verification and processing

Komal Mehta(E15888) Komal.e15888@cumail.in

 Generic Block Structure
• Block Header: It consists of the following elements:
• Pointer to previous block’s hash: A reference to the
previous block is added (except in case of the first block)
• Nonce: A number that is generated and used only once
to provide replay protection, authentication, and
encryption
From
• Time stamp: A field indicating the time when the block
is generated
• Merkle root: A hash of all of the nodes of a Merkle tree Amount (Tx)
used to allow efficient verification of transactions To

• Block Body: Contains a number of different transactions

that have been verified, ordered, and included in the block

Komal Mehta(E15888) Komal.e15888@cumail.in

 Generic Structure of a
Blockchain Network

• The structure of a generic blockchain can be

visualized with the help of the following
diagram:
• This is a P2P network with four nodes connected to
each other via a communication link
• Each node contains addresses, Virtual Machine
(VM), state, and a blockchain that is replicated on
each node.

Komal Mehta(E15888) Komal.e15888@cumail.in

 Elements of a Generic Blockchain

Unique identifiers used in a blockchain transaction to denote senders and

Address recipients

Composed of multiple transactions and other elements, such as the

Block previous block’s header’s hash (hash pointer), timestamp, and nonce

Genesis Block The first block in a blockchain

Peer-to-peer network Network topology where all peers communicate with each other

Scripting or Scripts or programs perform various operations on a transaction to

programming language facilitate various functions

Komal Mehta(E15888) Komal.e15888@cumail.in

 Elements of a Generic Blockchain

Virtual machine A virtual machine allows turing complete code to be run on a blockchain

A state is modified from initial to final form by nodes on the network as a

State machine result of transaction execution, validation, and finalization

Performs various functions such as proposing and validating transactions,

Node
mining to facilitate consensus, and securing the blockchain

Encapsulates the business logic to be executed when certain conditions

Smart contract are met

Komal Mehta(E15888) Komal.e15888@cumail.in

The Benefits of Blockchain
Decentralization Transparency Trust Immutability

Simplification of
High availability Highly secure Faster dealings
current paradigms

Cost saving

Komal Mehta(E15888) Komal.e15888@cumail.in

The Features of a Blockchain
Distributed Transaction Platform for smart
Smart Contracts
consensus verification contracts

Transferring value Generation of

Smart property Provider of security
between peers cryptocurrency

Immutability Uniqueness

Komal Mehta(E15888) Komal.e15888@cumail.in

Types of Blockchain

Komal Mehta(E15888) Komal.e15888@cumail.in

Komal Mehta(E15888) Komal.e15888@cumail.in
Difference b/w types of
Blockchain:

Komal Mehta(E15888) Komal.e15888@cumail.in

 Questions
• What is the difference between a public blockchain and a private
blockchain?
• How does a consortium blockchain differ from a public or private
blockchain?
• In what situations would a permissioned blockchain be preferable to a
permissionless one?
• What are some use cases where private blockchains might be more
suitable than public blockchains?
• How can blockchain be used in a hybrid model combining both private
and public elements?
Komal Mehta(E15888)
Komal.e15888@cumail.in
 Summary
In this lesson, we have:
 Discussed blockchain architecture

 Some basic generic block elements and network structure

 Looked at various types of blockchain

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/public-blockchain/?ref=lbp
2. https://anyblocktools.medium.com/public-and-private-blockchains-277
2444b1d9
3. https://mlsdev.com/blog/156-how-to-build-your-own-blockchain-archit
ecture

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
 THANK YOU

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