Introduction to OOAD

with OO Basics
Systems Development
All activities that produce an information
systems solution.

Activities
Analysis
Modeling
Design
Implementation
 Testing
Maintenance
 Systems Development
Software development methodology

Series of processes to the development of an

application.

Describe how the work be carried to achieve the

goal based on the system requirements.

Each process consists of a number of steps and

rules.

Processes continue to exist as long as the

development system is in operation.
 Two orthogonal views of the software
Traditional approaches
Functions .
Object –oriented systems
development approaches
Object, which combines data
and functionality.
Object-Oriented systems development methodology
 A way to develop software by building self-
contained modules or objects that can be easily
replaced, modified, and reused.
 Software is viewed as a collection of discrete
objects.
 Each object has attributes (data) and methods
(functions).
 Objects are grouped into classes.
 Object-oriented system
 Everything is an object.
 Example
 Windows application needs windows objects.
 A windows object is responsible for opening, sizing,
and closing itself.
 When a window displays something, that something
 Why an object orientation?
Enable us to create objects. Better model
their problem domains.
 The systems are
Easier to adapt to changing requirements
Easier to maintain
More robust
Promote greater design and code reuse
Some reasons why object orientation
works
Higher level of abstraction
 Encapsulate both data (attributes) and functions

(methods).
 Development can proceed at the object level
 Designing, coding, testing, and maintaining the
 Why an object orientation?
Seamless transition among different
phases of software development
Reduces the level of complexity and redundancy
for clearer, more robust system development
Encouragement of good programming
techniques
Routines and attributes within a class are held
together tightly
Classes are grouped into subsystems but remain
independent
Provides better overall communication
 Why an object orientation?

Promotion of reusability

Class does not concern itself with the

rest of the system or how it is going to be
used

Adds inheritance that allows classes to

be built from each other, and therefore,
only differences and enhancements
between the classes need to be designed
and coded
 Object Basics
Object
A real world entity, separate from the
surroundings
Example : Car
A car has:
A well defined set of attributes (properties)
such as color, manufacturer, cost, and owner
 A well defined set of things we normally do

with it (procedures or methods), such as drive

it, lock it, tow it, and carry passengers in it
Properties (attributes)
 Describe the state (data) of an object
Methods (procedures)
 Define its behavior
 Object –Oriented Philosophy
Traditional development methodologies
Algorithm centric : We think of an
algorithm that can accomplish the
task, then build data structures for
that algorithm to use
Data centric : We think how to
structure the data, then build the
algorithm around that structure
Object-oriented system
The algorithm and the data
structures are packaged together as
an object
 Objects
First utilized in the Simula language
to simulate some aspect of reality
Combination of data and logic that
represents some real world entity
Example – Saab automobile
Data part – car’s name, color, number
of doors, price, and so forth
Logic part – show mileage, change
mileage, stop and go
 Objects
More examples for object
Spreadsheet, a cell in a spreadsheet, a
bar chart, a title in a bar chart, a
report, a number or telephone number,
a file, a printer, a word or sentence,
even a single character
When developing an object-oriented
application, two basic questions arise:
What objects does the application
need?
What functionality should those
 Objects are grouped in classes
Classes are used to distinguish one type of object
from another
A class is a set of objects that share a common
structure and a common behavior
A single object is simply an instance of a class
Classes are an important mechanism for classifying
objects.
The chief role of a class is to define the properties
and procedures (the state and behavior) and
applicability of its instances.
The class car, for example, defines the property
color. Each individual car (formally, 9th instance of
the class car) will have a value for this property,
such as maroon, yellow, or white. In an object-
oriented system, a method or behavior of an object
 Objects are grouped in classes

FIGURE . Sue, Bill, AI, Hal, and David are

instances or objects of the class Employee.
 Attributes : Object state and properties
Represents the state of the object
Color, manufacturer, and cost are some of
the properties of a car

FIGURE The attributes of a car object.

 Attributes : Object state and properties
A color can be :
a sequence of characters such as red
the number (stock) for red
a reference to a full-color video image that
paints a red swatch on the screen when displayed
A manufacturer could be :
a name
a reference to a manufacturer object
a corporate tax identification number
A cost could be :
a floating point number
a fixed point number
an integer in units of pennies
 Object behavior and methods
Object behavior
Described in methods or procedures
The collection of methods that describes what
an object is capable of doing
Methods
Implements the behavior of an object
A function or procedure that can access the
internal state of an object of that class to
perform some operation
Means to communicate with an object and
access its properties
Hide any of the internal structures and states
maintained by the object
 Objects respond to messages
To do an operation, a message is sent to an object
Objects perform operations in response to
messages
Example : Car(object)
Stop Message : A press on the brake pedal of the
car
Messages
 Nonspecific function calls
 Example : send a draw message to a chart when we want
the chart to draw itself
 Different objects can respond to the same message in
different ways (Polymorphism)
 Polymorphism is the main difference between a message
and a subroutine call
 Example : Cars, motorcycles, and bicycles will all respond to
a stop message, but the actual operations performed are object
 Objects respond to messages

FIGURE Objects respond to

messages according to methods
defined in its class
 Objects respond to messages
Asking to make a French onion soup is a message
The way the soup is prepared is the method
The French onion soup is the object
A message is an instruction and the method is the
implementation
A message has name such as draw
An object understands a message when it can
match the message to a method that has a same
name as the message
To match up the message an object :
 first search the methods defined by its class
 If not found, searches in the superclass of its class
 If not found, it continues the search upward
 An error occurs only if none of the super classes contains
the method