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Chapter-1 1

This chapter provides an overview of power ratios and levels in telecommunications, focusing on the decibel (dB) as a logarithmic measure of power. Participants will learn to define decibels, calculate power levels, and understand gain and loss in transmission links. The chapter emphasizes the importance of reference levels in measuring power and the advantages of using dB for calculations in telecommunication systems.

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29 views30 pages

Chapter-1 1

This chapter provides an overview of power ratios and levels in telecommunications, focusing on the decibel (dB) as a logarithmic measure of power. Participants will learn to define decibels, calculate power levels, and understand gain and loss in transmission links. The chapter emphasizes the importance of reference levels in measuring power and the advantages of using dB for calculations in telecommunication systems.

Uploaded by

tanakagahadzikwa12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Elements Of

Telecommunication

CHAPTER 1

POWER RATIOS AND LEVELS IN LOGARITHMIC UNITS


Aim
To equip participants with the fundamental knowledge of power
ratios and the decibels inorder to determine either gain or loss of
transmission link.
Objectives
At the end of the chapter participants should be able to:
• Define the term decibel
• Describe a typical transmission link with losses and gain
• Calculate power levels in decibels dB, dBm, dBr and dBw
• Determine power levels using current and voltages
INTRODUCTION

• In telecommunication engineering an engineer/ technician is


concerned with the transmission of intelligence from one point
to the other.

• By definition intelligence being transmitted in the form of


electrical signals.

• A telecommunication system which carries such signals may


consist of a number of links in tandem

• Each item will introduce a certain loss or gain of power into


the system and the overall ratio (output power/ input power) is
equal to the product of the power ratios of the individual items.
Gain or loss
• If the amplitude of an electromagnetic wave increases, its
power increases. This increase in power is called a gain.

• If the amplitude decreases, its power decreases. This decrease


in power is called a loss.

• When designing communication links, you try to maximize the


gains while minimizing any losses.
Typical transmission system

source loss Gain destination


(imperfections) (amplifiers)
Example 1

• Power ratio:

• Overall loss/gain is then determined by:

• In this example simple figures have been selected and the arithmetic
is easy. However, less convenient numbers, and logarithmic tables
or an electronic calculator would be needed.
The Decibel
• The decibel scale is a logarithmic measure of sound.

• In telecommunications- Decibel Scale The decibel scale is a


logarithmic to measure power

• The amount of energy received in a certain amount of time is


called power ratios.

• Decibels are a relative measurement unit unlike the absolute


measurement of milli-watts.
Decibel

𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑋𝑑𝐵= 10 log
𝑃 𝑖𝑛
Example 2
Convert the following power ratios into decibels.
• =2
Take note*
Two things should be noted from example 2.
• Firstly, a doubling, or halving, of power is equivalent to an
increase, or decrease, of 3dB.
• Thus if a particular power ratio is equivalent to 60 dB, then the
ratio is equivalent to 63 dB and the ratio corresponds to 57 dB.
• Secondly, for power ratios of less than unity the method of
calculation shown is straight forward and easy if the ratio is
quoted as a fraction.
• If the output power is larger than the input power we quote the
result as a gain and if the input power is larger than the output
power we quote the result as a loss.
Current and voltage ratios

• Hence equation for decibel may be rewritten as either:


Current and voltage ratios
• If and only if Rin = Rout the resistances cancel and the equations
become
Example 3

• An item of telecommunication equipment has an input


resistance of 600 Ω and its output terminals are correctly
terminated in a 600Ω resistor. When a voltage of 1.5 V is
applied across the input terminals, a current of 15 mA flows in
the load resistor, Calculate the loss, or gain, of the equipment.
Example 4

• An amplifier has a gain of 60 dB. If the input resistance of the


amplifier is 75 Ω and its output terminals feed a matched load
of 140 Ω, calculate the current flowing in the load when a
voltage of 100 µ V r.m.s. is applied to the input terminals.
could it be true that Endless hours of pounding
sound from your music player could damage
your hearing?
• If used every day and often the volume is cranked up to levels that can
result in long-term hearing damage

• For every increase of three decibels, sound energy doubles. Thus, a 103dB
sound has twice the energy of a 100dB sound. And 106dB, four times.
• listen to an iPod at 100dB for a couple of hours a day, five days a week,
and damage will start to accrue.
• A sound of 80dB is far from painfully loud but this is where the hearing-
damage scale starts.
REFERENCE LEVELS, dBm, dBr, dBW

• The decibel is not an absolute unit but is only a measure of a


power ratio.
• It is meaningless to say,
• for example, that an amplifier has an output of 60 dB unless a
reference level is quoted.
• 60 dB increase on 1 µwatt gives a power level of 1 watt
• 60 dB increase on 1 watt gives a power level of 1 Megawatt:
• 60 dB difference expresses power differences of less than I
watt in one case and nearly one million watts in the other.
• Refences allows the Decibel to be used for absolute
measurements
dBm
• What if we want to measure an absolute power with dB?
We have to define a reference.
• The reference point that relates the logarithmic dB scale to the
linear watt scale may be for example this:

1 mW → 0 dBm

• The new m in dBm refers to the fact that the reference is


one mW, and therefore a dBm measurement is a
measurement of absolute power with reference to 1 mW.
dBm
dBm and mW
To convert power in mW to dBm:

PdBm = 10 log10 PmW 10 times the logarithm in base 10 of


the “Power in mW”

To convert power in dBm to mW:


PdBm/10
PmW = 10 10 to the power of ( “Power in dBm”
divided by 10 )

22
EXAMPLE 5

Express in dBm the following power levels

• 1W
• 1mW and
• 1µW.
𝑑𝐵𝑊
• In microwave radio-relay systems a reference level of 1 watt is
employed
• power levels expressed in decibels relative to this level are
quoted in dBW.
• A power level of 1 mW is equal to

.
dBr
• This unit expresses in decibels the power level at a point,
relative to the power level at some reference point.

• useful in connection with multichannel telephony systems, is


the dBr.

• The reference point is taken as the two-wire origin of a circuit.


What about negative values?
Negative doesn’t mean bad. ;-)
How much power is -26 dBm?

Therefore, -26 dBm = 2.5 µW

26
summary
• You should know that:
• some power + 10 dB = 10 times the power
• some power - 10 dB = one tenth power
• some power + 3 dB = double power
• some power - 3 dB = half the power

• The main advantages of using dB is that:


• gains and losses are additive.
• It is simple to solve radio calculations in your head by using dB
instead of using milliwatts
• decibels (dB) provides an easier way to make calculations on
wireless links.
Thank you!

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