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Normal Distribution

The document provides an overview of the normal distribution, highlighting its characteristics, properties, and the empirical rule. It explains the concepts of mean, standard deviation, and how to compute probabilities and z-scores. Additionally, it includes examples illustrating the application of these concepts in calculating probabilities for normally distributed variables.

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ryotamiyagi779
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9 views22 pages

Normal Distribution

The document provides an overview of the normal distribution, highlighting its characteristics, properties, and the empirical rule. It explains the concepts of mean, standard deviation, and how to compute probabilities and z-scores. Additionally, it includes examples illustrating the application of these concepts in calculating probabilities for normally distributed variables.

Uploaded by

ryotamiyagi779
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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S TAT I S T I C

S
The Normal Distribution
LEARNING
GOAL
• Illustrate a normal random variable and its
characteristics;
• Identify regions under the normal curve that
correspond to different standard normal values;
• Convert a normal random variable to a standard
normal variable and vice versa; and
• Compute probabilities and percentiles using the
standard normal distribution.
Normal
A Normal Distribution (Gaussian Distribution) is a probability
Distribution
distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing that the
data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far
from the mean.
The distribution is also known as Bell Curve or Gaussian
Distribution, named for the Greek mathematician Card
Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855).
P R O P E RT I
ES
The Normal Distribution
Properties of the Normal
Distribution
The graph is continuous
curve and has a domain

This means that


X may increase
or decrease
without bound.
Properties of the Normal
Distribution
The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis.
The value of the variable gets closer and
closer but will never be equal to 0.
As the x gets larger and larger in the
positive direction, the tail of the curve
approaches but will never touch the
horizontal axis. The same thing when the
x gets larger and larger in the negative
direction.
Properties of the Normal
Distribution
The highest point on the curve occurs at
x = µ (mean). •The mean (µ) indicates the highest
peak of the curve and is found at
the center.
• Take note that the mean is
denoted by this symbol µ and the
standard deviation is denoted by
this symbol
• The median and mode of the
distribution are also found at the
center of the graph. This indicates
Properties of the Normal
Distribution
The curve is symmetrical about the
mean.
This means that the curve
will have balanced
proportions when cut in
halves and the area under
the curve to the right of
mean (50%) is equal to
the area under the curve
to the left of the mean
Properties of the Normal
Distribution
The total area in the normal distribution
under the curve is equal to 1.

Since the mean divides the curve into


halves, 50% of the area is to the
right and 50% to its left having a total of
100% or 1.
Properties of the Normal
Distribution
In general, the graph of a normal distribution is a bell-
shaped curve with two inflection points, one on the
left and another on the right. Inflection points are the
points that mark the change in the curve’s concavity.
• Inflection point is the point at which a
change in the direction of curve at mean
minus standard deviation and mean plus
standard deviation.
• Note that each inflection point of the
normal curve is one standard deviation
away from the mean.
Properties of the Normal
Distribution
Every normal curve corresponds to the
“empirical rule” (also called the 68 - 95 -
99.7% rule)

About 68.3% of the area


under the curve falls
within 1 standard
deviation of the mean.
Properties of the Normal
Distribution
Every normal curve corresponds to the
“empirical rule” (also called the 68 - 95 -
99.7% rule)

About 95.4% of the area


under
the curve falls within 2
standard deviations of
the mean.
Properties of the Normal
Distribution
Every normal curve corresponds to the
“empirical rule” (also called the 68 - 95 -
99.7% rule)

About 99.7% of the area


under
the curve falls within 3
standard deviations of
the mean.
Properties of the Normal
Distribution
Example
A continuous random variable X is normally distributed
with a mean of 45 and standard deviation of 6. Illustrate
a normal curve and find the probability of the following:

𝑷 ( 𝟑𝟗< 𝑿 <𝟓𝟏 )
𝟑𝟗< 𝑿 <𝟓𝟏 ) =𝟔𝟖 .𝟑 %
Example
A continuous random variable X is normally distributed
with a mean of 45 and standard deviation of 6. Illustrate
a normal curve and find the probability of the following:

𝑷 ( 𝑿 > 𝟒𝟓 )
( 𝑿 >𝟒𝟓 ) =𝟓𝟎 %
Example
A continuous random variable X is normally distributed
with a mean of 45 and standard deviation of 6. Illustrate
a normal curve and find the probability of the following:

𝑷 ( 𝟑𝟑 < 𝑿 <𝟔𝟑 )
𝟑𝟑 < 𝑿 <𝟔𝟑 )=𝟗𝟕 .𝟓𝟓 %
Example
A continuous random variable X is normally distributed
with a mean of 45 and standard deviation of 6. Illustrate
a normal curve and find the probability of the following:

𝑷 ( 𝑿 < 𝟑𝟗 )
𝑿 < 𝟑𝟗 )= 𝟏𝟓 .𝟖𝟓 %
S TAT I S T I C
S
The Standard Normal Distribution
Standard Normal Distribution
The standard normal distribution, which is denoted by Z, is also a
normal distribution having a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Since
the normal distribution can have different values for its mean and standard
deviation, it can be standardized by setting the This is for the purpose of
simplifying the process in approximating areas for normal curves. As
shown below is the formula used to manually compute the approximate
area.
Z - S c o r e a n d Z - Ta b l e
How to compute for the z-score given the raw score and standa

deviation?
• Use the formula ;
• Substitute the values of the mean, raw score and
standard deviation to the formula; and
• Leave your final answer in decimal form.
Example
When what is the z-score if; x=66? x-=57? and x=46?

𝒛 =( 𝑿 − 𝝁 )/ 𝝈
• z = z-score
• X = raw score/observed value
• = mean
• = standard deviation

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