Functions and

Relations
Lord, in our weakness and vulnerability,
bless us with your grace to soar beyond
limits. Enlighten our vision and guide our
mission that we may clearly see and fully
realize our quest. Keep our passion for
the truth burning and our compassion for
humanity bright that we may live truly and
lovingly.
Keep us in harmony with the universe that
we may be joyfully one with your creation.
Yet above and before all, Lord, grant us
the grace to love you with all our mind and
soul and with all our heart and strength
that we may praise, bless and preach
according to your will.
Make us, Legazpi Thomasians, whole as
a person and as a community in Your
wondrous Name, this we ask and pray
with a happy and grateful memory. Amen.
 Definitions
Relation - Any set of ordered pairs
Function -A type of
relation where there is
exactly one output for
every input. For every x
there is exactly one y.
 x y x y
1 6 1 6
2 7 2 7
Not a Function Function
 y = 2x
x-y chart mapping
xy input output
-2 -4 -2 -4
-1 -2
-1 -2 0 0
00 1 2
2 4
12 Function
Determine whether the equation is a function.
y x x y

x y input output x y input output

-2 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 -2
-1 1 -1 1 -1 -1
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
1 1
1 1 2 1 1 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
Function Not a Function
 Vertical Line Test - Functions
y y y y

x x x x

Function

y y y y

x x x x
 Vertical Line Test - Functions
y y y y

x x x x

Function Function

y y y y

x x x x
 Vertical Line Test - Functions
y y y y

x x x x

Function Function Not a

Function
y y y y

x x x x
 Vertical Line Test - Functions
y y y y

x x x x

Function Function Not a Function

Function
y y y y

x x x x
 Vertical Line Test - Functions
y y y y

x x x x

Function Function Not a Function

Function
y y y y

x x x x

Not a Function Not a Not a

Function Function Function
 Tell whether the relation below is a function.
1) input output 3) y
0
1 x
Not a
5 Function
2 Function
3
2) x y 4) input output
-2 3
-3 -1
4
-3 0 Not a -1 Not a
Function 5
-3 1 0 Function
6
-3 2
 Function Notation
y 2x  3 f (x) 2x  3
when x 1, y 5 f (1) 5
when x 2, y 7 f (2)  7
when x 3, y  9 f (3)  9
when x 4, y 11f (4) 11
f (  4)  5
 2
g(x) x h(x) 3x  2
Evaluate the following.
1) g(4)  16 5) h(4)  g(1) 
10  1  11
2) h(  2)   8 6) h(  5)  g(  2) 
 17  4  68
3) g(  3)  9 7) g h(3)  
g(7)  49
4) h(5)  13 8) h g(2)  
h(4)  10
Evaluate the function over the domain,
x = -1, x = 0, x = 2.
1) f (x) 4x
{ 4, 0, 8 }
2) g(x) 3x  9
{ 12,  9,  3 }
2
3) h(x) x  1
{ 0,  1, 3 }
 Graph the linear function.
f (x)  x  3 f(x)
x f (x)
-3 6
-2 5
-1 4
x
0 3
1 2
2 1
3 0
 A QUADRATIC FUNCTION

A quadratic function has a form

y = ax2 + bx + c
where a ≠ 0.

The graph of a quadratic function is U-

y = x2
shaped and is called parabola. vertex
The lowest or highest point on the graph of
a quadratic function is called the vertex.
y = -x2
The graphs of y = x2 and y = -x2 are
symmetric about the y-axis, called the axis
of symmetry. Axis of
symmetry
 THE GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC
FUNCTION
 The parabola opens up if a>0 and
opens down if a<0.

 The parabola is wider than the y = x2

graph of y = x2 if |a| < 1 and
narrower than the graph of y = x2 if |
a| > 1.
vertex
The x-coordinate of the vertex is y = -x2
-b/(2a).
Axis of
The axis of symmetry is the
symmetry
vertical line x = -b/(2a).
 EXAMPLE
Graph y = 2x2 -8x +6

Solution: The coefficients for this function are

a = 2, b = -8, c = 6.

Since a>0, the parabola opens up.

The x-coordinate is: x = -b/2a, x = -(-8)/(2(2))
x=2

The y-coordinate is: y = 2(2)2-8(2)+6

y = -2

Hence, the vertex is (2,-2).

 EXAMPLE(contd.)
Axis of symmetry
Draw the vertex (2,-2) on graph.

Draw the axis of symmetry x=-b/(2a). (0,6) (4,6)

Draw two points on one side of the

axis of symmetry such as (1,0) and
(0,6). How were these points chosen?

Use symmetry to plot two more points

such as (3,0), (4,6).
(1,0) (3,0) x
Draw parabola through the plotted
(2,-2)
points. y
VERTEX FORM OF QUADRATIC
EQUATION

y = a(x - h)2 + k
The vertex is (h,k).

The axis of symmetry is x = h.

 GRAPHING A QUADRATIC
FUNCTION IN VERTEX FORM
Example y = -1/2(x + 3)2 + 4 Axis of symmetry
where a = -1/2, h = -3, k = 4. Since a<0,
the parabola opens down.
(-3,4)
To graph a function, first plot the vertex
(h,k) = (-3,4).
(-5,2) (-1,2)
Draw the axis of symmetry x = -3

Plot two points on one side of it, such as

(-1,2) and (1,-4).
x
Use the symmetry to complete the
graph.

(-7,-4) (1,-4)
y
 INTERCEPT FORM OF
QUADRATIC EQUATION

y = a(x - p)(x - q)

The x intercepts are p and q.

The axis of symmetry is halfway

between (p,0) and (q,0).
 GRAPHING A QUADRATIC
FUNCTION IN INTERCEPT FORM
Example y = -(x + 2)(x - 4). Axis of symmetry
where a = -1, p = -2, q = 4. Since a<0
the parabola opens down. (1,9)

To graph a function, the x-intercepts

occur at (-2,0) and (4,0).

Draw the axis of symmetry that lies

halfway between these points at x = 1.

So, the x - coordinate of the vertex is (-2,0) (4,0)

x = 1 and the y - coordinate of the
vertex is: y = -(1 + 2)(1 - 4)= 9. x
y
 WRITING THE QUADRATIC
EQUATION IN STANDARD FORM
(1). y = -(x + 4)(x - 9)
= -(x2 - 9x + 4x - 36)
= -(x2 - 5x -36)
= -x2 + 5x + 36

(2). y = 3(x -1)2 + 8

= 3(x -1)(x - 1) + 8
= 3(x2 - x - x + 1) + 8
= 3(x2 - 2x + 1) + 8
= 3x2 - 6x + 3 + 8
= 3x2 - 6x + 11
 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS IN
REAL LIFE
Researchers conducted an experiment to determine
temperatures at which people feel comfortable. The
percent of test subjects who felt comfortable at
temperature x( in degrees Fahrenheit) can be modeled
by:

y = -3.678x2 + 527.3x – 18,807

a. What temperature made the greatest percent of test

subjects comfortable?
b. At that temperature , what percent felt comfortable?
 SOLUTION
Since a = -3.678 is negative, the graph of the quadratic function open
down and the function has a maximum value. The maximum value
occurs at:
b 527.3
x   72
2a 2( 3.678)

The corresponding value of y is:

 y  3.678(72)2  527.3(72)  18, 807 92

a. Hence, The temperature that made the greatest percent of test
subjects comfortable was about 72.
b. At that temperature about 92% of the subjects felt comfortable.

 Polynomial Functions
Polynomial Degree Name of
Function in Function
General Form
y ax  b 1 Linear
y ax 2  bx  c 2 Quadratic
y ax 3  bx 2  cx  d 3 Cubic
y ax 4  bx 3  cx 2  dx  e 4 Quartic
The largest exponent within the polynomial
determines the degree of the polynomial.
 Explore Polynomials
10 10

Linear 8
6
Quadratic 8
6

Function 4
2
Function 4
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
-10 -10

10 10

Cubic 8
6
Quartic 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Function 4
2
Function -10
-15
-20
-25
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-30
-2
-35
-4 -40
-6 -45
-50
-8
-55
-10 -60
 Leading Coefficient
The leading coefficient is the coefficient
of the first term in a polynomial when the
terms are written in descending order by
degrees.

For example, the quartic function

f(x) = -2x4 + x3 – 5x2 – 10 has a leading
coefficient of -2.
 Cubic Polynomials
Look at the two graphs and discuss the
questions given below.

Graph Graph
A 10

8
B
10

8
6 6

4 4

2 2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

-8 -8

-10 -10

How can you check to see if both graphs are functions?

2. How many x-intercepts do graphs A & B
What is have?
the end behaviour for each graph?
4. Which graph do you think has a positive leading coefficient? Why?
5. Which graph do you think has a negative leading coefficient? Why?
 Cubic Polynomials
The following chart shows the properties of the graphs on the left.

Equation X-Intercepts Sign of End Domain and Range

Factored form & Leading Behaviour
12 Standard form Coefficient
10
8
6
4
2
Domain
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
Factored As x, {x| x Є R}
-2
-4 y=(x+1)(x+4)(x-2) y and
-6 -4, -1, 2 Positive x-, Range
-8
Standard
-10
-12
y=x3+3x2-6x-8
y- {y| y Є R}
12
10
8

Domain
6
4
2
Factored As x,
{x| x Є R}
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-2
1 2 3 4 5
y-
y=-(x+1)(x+4)(x-2)
and Range
-4
-6 -4, -1, 2 Negative
-8 Standard x-,
-10
-12 y=-x3-3x2+6x+8 y
{y| y Є R}
 Cubic Polynomials
The following chart shows the properties of the graphs on the left.

Equation X-Intercepts Sign of End Domain and Range

Factored form & Leading Behaviour
12
Standard form Coefficient
10
8
6
4
2
Domain
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-2
1 2 3 4 5 Factored As x, {x| x Є R}
-4
y=(x+3) (x-1)
2 y and
-6
-3, 1 Positive x-, Range
Standard
-8
-10
-12
y=x3+5x2+3x-9
y- {y| y Є R}
12
10
8
6
4 Domain
2
Factored As x,
{x| x Є R}
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-2
1 2 3 4 5
y-
y=-(x+3)2(x-1)
-3, 1 Negative and Range
-4
-6
-8 Standard x-,
-10
-12 y=-x3-5x2-3x+9 y
{y| y Є R}
 Cubic Polynomials
The following chart shows the properties of the graphs on the left.

Equation X-Intercepts Sign of End Domain and Range

Factored form & Leading Behaviour
12 Standard form Coefficient
10
8
6
4
2
Domain
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-2
1 2 3 4 5 Factored As x, {x| x Є R}
-4 y=(x-2) 3
y and
-6 2 Positive x-, Range
-8
Standard
{y| y Є R}
-10
-12
y-
y=x3-6x2+12x-8
12
10
8
6
4 Domain
2
Factored As x,
{x| x Є R}
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-2
1 2 3 4 5
y-
y=-(x-2)3
2 Negative and Range
-4
-6
-8 Standard x-,
-10
-12 y=-x3+6x2-12x+8 y
{y| y Є R}
 Quartic Polynomials
Look at the two graphs and discuss the questions given below.

Graph A Graph B
14
10
12
8
10
6
4 8
2 6
4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2 2
-4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-6
-2
-8
-4
-10
-6
-12
-8
-14
-10

How can you check to see if both graphs are functions?

2. How many x-intercepts do graphs A & B
What is have?
the end behaviour for each graph?
4. Which graph do you think has a positive leading coefficient? Why?
5. Which graph do you think has a negative leading coefficient? Why?
 Quartic Polynomials
The following chart shows the properties of the graphs on the left.
Equation X- Sign of End Domain and Range
Factored form & Standard Intercepts Leading Behaviour
form Coefficient
10
8
6
4 Domain
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
Factored {x| x Є R}
-2
As x,
-4
-6 y=(x-3)(x-1)(x+1)(x+2) y and Range
-8 -2,-1,1,3 Positive x-,
-10
Standard {y| y Є R,
-12
y
-14
y=x4-x3-7x2+x+6 y ≥ -12.95}
14
12
10
8
6 Domain
4
2
Factored As x, {x| x Є R}
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
y-
-4 y=-(x-3)(x-1)(x+1)(x+2) Range
-6
-2,-1,1,3 Negative and
-10
-8
Standard x-, {y| y Є R,
y=-x4+x3+7x2-x-6 y- y ≤ 12.95}
 Quartic Polynomials
The following chart shows the properties of the graphs on the left.
Equation X- Sign of End Domain and Range
Factored form & Standard Intercepts Leading Behaviour
form Coefficient

15
12 Domain
9
6
Factored {x| x Є R}
3
As x,
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-3
1 2 3 4 5
y=(x-4)2(x-1)(x+1) y and Range
-6 -1,1,4 Positive x-,
-9 Standard {y| y Є R,
-12 y
-15 y=x4-8x3+15x2+8x-16 y ≥ -16.95}
-18

18
15
Domain
12
9 Factored As x, {x| x Є R}
6
y-
3 y=-(x-4)2(x-1)(x+1) Range
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -1,1,4 Negative and
-3
-6
Standard x-, {y| y Є R,
-12
-9
y=-x4+8x3-15x2-8x+16 y- y ≤ 16.95}
-15
 Quartic Polynomials
The following chart shows the properties of the graphs on the left.
Equation X- Sign of End Domain and Range
10 Factored form & Standard Intercepts Leading Behaviour
8 form Coefficient
6

2
Domain
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2
Factored {x| x Є R}
-4 As x,
-6 y=(x+2)3(x-1) y and Range
-8 -2,1 Positive x-,
-10 Standard {y| y Є R,
y
y=x4+5x3+6x2-4x-8 y ≥ -8.54}
10

Domain
8
6

2 Factored As x, {x| x Є R}

y-
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 y=-(x+2)3(x-1) Range
-2 -2,1 Negative and
-4 Standard x-, {y| y Є R,
-6
-8
y=-x4-5x3-6x2+4x+8 y- y ≤ 8.54}
-10
 Quartic Polynomials
The following chart shows the properties of the graphs on the left.
Equation X- Sign of End Domain and Range
Factored form & Standard Intercepts Leading Behaviour
10
form Coefficient
8
6

2
Domain
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-2
1 2 3 4 5
Factored {x| x Є R}
As x,
-4
y=(x-3)4 y and Range
-6
3 Positive x-,
-8
Standard {y| y Є R,
-10 y
y=x4-12x3+54x2-108x+81 y ≥ 0}
10

6
Domain
4

2 Factored As x, {x| x Є R}

y-
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 y=-(x-3)4 Range
-2
3 Negative and
-4
Standard x-, {y| y Є R,
-6

-8 y=-x4+12x3-54x2+108x-81 y- y ≤ 0}
-10
 PRAYER
FOR OUR Almighty God, bless our nation and make it
true to the ideals of freedom and justice and
COUNTRY brotherhood for all who make it great. Guard
us from war, from fire and wind, from
compromise and disease from fear and
confusion. Be close to our president and
statesmen; give them vision and courage, as
they ponder decisions affecting peace and
the future of the world. Make us more deeply
aware of our heritage; realizing not only our
rights but also our duties and responsibilities
as citizens. Make this great land and all its
people know clearly Your will, that we may
fulfill the destiny ordained for us in the
salvation of the nations, and the restoring of
all things in Christ. Amen.