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Lec02 Architecture

The document provides an overview of microcomputer architecture, including components such as the processor, memory, and buses. It details the basic design of microcomputers, the clock synchronization of CPU operations, and the instruction execution cycle. Additionally, it outlines various instruction groups and provides examples of simple assembly language programs.

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Kashmala Sahar
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4 views19 pages

Lec02 Architecture

The document provides an overview of microcomputer architecture, including components such as the processor, memory, and buses. It details the basic design of microcomputers, the clock synchronization of CPU operations, and the instruction execution cycle. Additionally, it outlines various instruction groups and provides examples of simple assembly language programs.

Uploaded by

Kashmala Sahar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IA-32 Architecture

Computer Organization and Assembly


Languages

Edited by
Fehmida Sadaf Bhatti
Microcomputer concept

A microcomputer is any electronic device


that has a microprocessor, which acts as a
central processor. Examples of
microcomputers range from tablets and
smartphones to desktop computers and
laptops.
Mini computer examples
Basic Computer
Organization

Processor Memory

I/O
Basic Computer
Organization

Address Bus

Data Bus
Processor Memory
Control Bus
Basic microcomputer design
• clock synchronizes CPU operations
• control unit (CU) coordinates sequence of
execution steps
• ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations
Basic microcomputer design
• The memory storage unit holds instructions and data for
a running program
• A bus is a group of wires that transfer data from one
part to another (data, address, control)
Clock
• synchronizes all CPU and BUS operations
• machine (clock) cycle measures time of a
single operation
• clock is used to trigger events
one cycle

• Basic unit of time, 1GHz→clock cycle=1ns


• A instruction could take multiple cycles to
complete, e.g. multiply in 8088 takes 50 cycles
Instruction execution cycle

program counter
instruction queue

• Fetch
• Decode
• Fetch
operands
• Execute
• Store output
Instruction execution cycle

program counter
instruction queue

• Fetch
• Decode
• Fetch
operands
• Execute
• Store output
Instruction execution cycle

program counter
instruction queue

• Fetch
• Decode
• Fetch
operands
• Execute
• Store output
Instruction execution cycle

program counter
instruction queue

• Fetch
• Decode
• Fetch
operands
• Execute
• Store output
Dimensions of Memory

Horizontal Dimensions = Width of Memory


Cell
00000000
00000001
Binary Vertical
Dimensions

Addresses
=

Of
Size of
00100011
Memory Memory

00100100
Cells 00100101
Instruction Groups

Data Movement Instructions


Arithmetic / Logic Instructions
Program Control Instructions
Special Instructions
Data Movement

mov ax,bx ; move data from bx to ax

lda 0234 ; load 0234 into


; accumulator
Arithmetic and Logic
Instructions

and ax,1234 ; AND 1234 with ax

add bx,0534 ; ADD 0534 to bx

add bx,[1200] ; ADD data at address 1200 to


bx

add ax,[1234] ; ADD data from address 1234


to ax
Program Control
Instructions

cmp ax,0 ; Compare ax with 0

jne 1234 ; Jump if not equal to the


instruction
; at address 1234
Special Instructions

cli ; Clear the interrupt flag

sti ; Set the interrupt flag


A Simple Program

Move 5 to AX mov ax,5


Move 10 to BX mov bx,10
ADD BX to AX add ax,bx
Move 15 to BX mov bx,15
ADD BX to AX add ax,bx

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