LECTURE NO.

Properties of Materials

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 LECTURE OBJECTIVES

To develop an understanding of:

• Hardness

• Toughness, Tensile strength, Malleability

• Ductility, Elasticity

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 Luster
Metals have luster. This means they are
shiny.

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 Color
Different metals have different colors :
Al = Silver color
Cast Iron = Gray
Cu = Radish Brown

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 Color

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 Color
Name Formula Color
Potassium K Lilac/Purple
Sodium Na Yellow
Lithium Li Red
Caesium Cs Blue
Calcium Ca Red/Orange
Strontium Sr Red
Barium Ba Green/Yello

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 Density
Density of a material is its mass per unit
volume (kg/m3 ).

Another way to express density is in the

relation to that of water, Specific Gravity.

Specific Gravity= (density of material / density of

water)

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Metal Density

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 Specific Heat
It is the energy required to rise the temperature of a
unit mass of material by one degree (J/kg K).

Alloying elements have relatively minor effect on

the specific heat.

The temperature rise in a work piece, resulting from

machining operation is a function of the work done
and of specific heat of the work piece material.

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Metal Specific Heat

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 Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity indicates the rate at
which the heat flows within and through a
material.

Metallically bonded material (metals) have

conductivity.

Ionic and covalently bonded (plastics and

ceramics) have poor thermal conductivity.
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Metal Thermal Conductivity

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 Melting Point
Melting point of a metal depends on the
energy required to separate its atoms.

Alloy have wide range of melting points.

Metals have definite melting point.

A melting point of a metal has a number of

indirect effect on manufacturing operations.
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Visit these sites:

• http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table
• http://periodictable.com/

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Metal Melting Point

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 Elasticity

Ability of material to deform under load and return to its

original shape when load is removed as in spring.

Elasticity is the tendency of solid materials to return to

their original shape after being deformed.

Solid objects will deform when forces are applied on

them. If the material is elastic, the object will return to its
initial shape and size when these forces are removed.

This property is desirable for materials used in tools and

machines. It may be noted that steel is more elastic than
rubber.
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 Plasticity

It is property of a material which retains the deformation produced under

load permanently.

Plasticity describes the deformation of a material undergoing non-

reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces.

In engineering, the transition from elastic behavior to plastic behavior is

called yield.

This property of the material is necessary for forgings, in stamping images

on coins and in ornamental work.

For example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a new
shape displays plasticity as permanent changes occur within the material
itself.
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 Ductility
It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn
into wire with the application of a tensile force.

A ductile material must be both strong and plastic.

The ductility is usually measured by the terms,

percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area.

The ductile material commonly used in engineering

practice (in order of diminishing ductility) are mild steel,
copper, aluminium, nickel, zinc, tin and lead.
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(a) Brittle fracture (b) Ductile fracture

(c)Completely ductile fracture

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 Ductility

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 Malleability
It is a special case of ductility which permits materials
to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets.

A malleable material should be plastic but it is not

essential to be so strong.

The malleable materials commonly used in

engineering practice (in order of diminishing
malleability) are lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper
and aluminium.
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 Toughness
It is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high impact loads like
hammer blows.

One definition of material toughness is the amount of work done per unit
volume to deform the material before rupturing.

It is also defined as the resistance to fracture of a material when stressed

The toughness of the material decreases when it is heated.

It is measured by the amount of energy that a unit volume of the material

has absorbed after being stressed upto the point of fracture.

This property is desirable in parts subjected to shock and impact loads.

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 Machinability
It is the property of a material which refers to a relative
case with which a material can be cut.

The machinability of a material can be measured in a

number of ways:

Such as comparing the tool life for cutting different

materials or thrust required to remove the material at
some given rate or the energy required to remove a unit
volume of the material.

It may be noted that brass can be easily machined than

steel.
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 Resilience
It is the property of a material to absorb
energy and to resist shock and impact loads.
It is measured by the amount of energy
absorbed per unit volume within elastic limit.
This property is essential for spring materials.

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 Hardness
Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of
permanent shape change when a force is applied.

It is a very important property of the metals and has a wide variety of

meanings.

It embraces many different properties such as resistance to wear,

scratching, deformation and machinability, etc.

It also means the ability of a metal to cut another metal.

It is actually resistance towards penetration.

Opposite
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 Hardness
Hardness is the resistance of a material to being
scratched.

If Specimen A can scratch Specimen B, then Specimen A

is harder than Specimen B.

If Specimen A does not scratch Specimen B, then

Specimen B is harder than Specimen A.

If the two specimens are equal in hardness then they

will be relatively ineffective at scratching one another.
Small scratches might be produced, or it might be
difficult to determine if a scratch was produced.
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 Harder than Diamond, Softer than Talc?

Diamond is not the hardest substance known, but the

materials that are harder are much more rare.

Researchers have reported that wurtzite boron

nitride and lonsdaleite can be harder than diamond.

It is unlikely that you will find a mineral that is softer

than talc.

However, a few metals are softer. These include:

caesium, rubidium, lithium, sodium and potassium.
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 Creep
When a part is subjected to a constant stress
at high temperature for a long period of time,
it will undergo a slow and permanent
deformation called creep.

This property is considered in designing

internal combustion engines, boilers and
turbines.

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 Fatigue
When a material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails
at stresses below the yield point stresses.

Such type of failure of a material is known as fatigue.

The failure is caused by means of a progressive crack

formation which are usually fine and of microscopic size.

This property is considered in designing shafts, connecting

rods, springs, gears, etc.

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 Tensile Strength
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened
to tensile strength (TS) or ultimate strength, is the
maximum stress that a material can withstand
while being stretched or pulled before failing or
breaking.

Tensile strength is not the same as compressive

strength and the values can be quite different.

Ability of material to with stands a stretching load

without breaking .
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Force Force46
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 Compressive Strength

Ability of material to with stands a squeezing load with

out breaking.

Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or

structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size.

Some material fracture at their compressive strength

limit others deform.

• Compressive strength is a key value for design of

structures.

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 Shear Strength
Shear strength is the strength of a material or component
against the type of yield or Structural failure where the
material or component fails in shear .

A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on

a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the
force.

Ability of material to with stand the offset load.

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 Corrosion resistance
The ability to resist chemical attack.

Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials, (usually metals),

by chemical reaction with its environment

In the most common use of the word, this means

electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction with an oxidant
such as oxygen.
Rusting :
The formation of iron oxides, is a well-known example of
electrochemical corrosion. This type of damage typically produces
oxide(s) or salt (s) of the original metal. Corrosion can also occur in
materials other than metals, such as ceramics or polymers,
although in this context, the term degradation is more common
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 Strength:
It is the ability of a material to resist
the externally applied forces without breaking or
yielding. The internal resistance offered by a part
to an externally applied force is called stress.

Stiffness:
It is the ability of a material to resist
deformation under stress. The modulus of
elasticity is the measure of stiffness.

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Fusibility:
The ease with which a metal material
will melt.

Brittleness:
It is the property of a material opposite
to ductility.

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 Brittle fracture

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 THANKYOU

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