NETWORK

MODELS
OUTLINE
• TCP/IP model
• Encapsulation and Decapsulation
• Addressing
TCP/IP model
TCP/IP PROTOCOL
• TCP/IP is a set of protocols organized in different layers used in the Internet today.
• It is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, each of which provides a
specific functionality.
• The term hierarchical means that each upper-level protocol is supported by the services
provided by one or more lower-level protocols.
• The original TCP/IP protocol was defined as four software layers built upon the hardware.
Today, however, TCP/IP is thought of as a five-layer model.
L AY E R E D A R C H I T E C T U R E ( 1 / 4 )
L AY E R E D A R C H I T E C T U R E ( 2 / 4 )

• To clear understand let us assume that we want to use the suite in a small internet made up of
three LANs (links), each with a link-layer switch. We also assume that the links are
connected by one router,
L AY E R E D A R C H I T E C T U R E ( 4 / 4 )
• The two hosts are involved in all five layers; the source host needs to create a message in the
application layer and send it down the layers so that it is physically sent to the destination
host.
• The destination host needs to receive the communication at the physical layer and then
deliver it through the other layers to the application layer.
• The router is involved in only three layers; there is no transport or application layer in a
router
• Switch is involved only in two layers, data-link and physical.
A P P L I C AT I O N L AY E R
• Communication at the application layer is between two processes (two programs running at
this layer).
• To communicate, a process sends a request to the other process and receives a response.
• Process-to-process communication is the duty of the application layer.
• The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the most protocol that used in application layer.
T R A N S P O R T L AY E R
• the transport layer is responsible for giving services to the application layer.
• The transport layer at the source host gets the message from the application layer,
encapsulates it in a transport- layer packet called a segment and sends it to network layer and
to the transport layer at the destination host.
• The main protocol that used in transport layer is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
N E T W O R K L AY E R
• The network layer is responsible for creating a connection between the source computer and
the destination computer.
• Also, the network layer is responsible for host-to-host communication and routing the packet
through possible routes.
• The network layer in the Internet includes the main protocol, Internet Protocol (IP), that
defines the format of the packet, called a datagram at the network layer.
D AT A L I N K L AY E R

• the data-link layer is responsible for taking the data and moving it across the link.
• The link can be a wired LAN with a link-layer switch, a wireless LAN, a wired WAN, or a
wireless WAN.
P H Y S I C A L L AY E R

• physical layer is responsible for carrying individual bits across the link.
• It is the lowest level in the TCP/IP protocol
• Two devices are connected by cable or air.
L AY E R S I N T H E T C P / I P P R O T O C O L
Encapsulation and Decapsulation
E N C A P S U L AT I O N A N D D E C A P S U L AT I O N

• One of the important concepts in protocol layering in the Internet is encapsulation/ decapsulation

• Encapsulation is the process of adding additional information when data is

• Data encapsulation adds the protocol information to the data so that data
transmission can take place in a proper way.
• This information can either be added in the header or the footer of the data.
E N C A P S U L AT I O N A N D D E C A P S U L AT I O N
E N C A P S U L AT I O N AT T H E S O U R C E
HOST
1- At the application layer, the data to be exchanged is referred to as a message. A message normally does not
contain any header or trailer.
2- The transport layer takes the message and adds the transport layer header to it, which contains the identifiers
of the source and destination application programs that want to communicate plus some more information that is
needed for the delivery the message.

3- The network layer takes the message from transport-layer as data and adds its own header to it. The header
contains the addresses of the source and destination hosts and some more information used for error checking of
the header, and so on. The result is the network layer packet, which is called a segment or datagram.

4- The data-link layer takes the message from network-layer and adds its own header, which contains the link-
layer addresses of the host or the next hop (the router). The result is the link-layer packet, which is called a frame.
The frame is passed to the physical layer for transmission.
D EC A P S U L AT I O N A N D EN C A P S U LATI O N AT T H E R O U TE R

• At the router, we have both decapsulation and encapsulation because the router is connected to
two or more links.
• After the set of bits are delivered to the data-link layer, this layer decapsulates the
datagram from the frame and passes it to the network layer.
• The network layer only checks the source and destination addresses in the datagram
header and consults its forwarding table to find the next hop to which the datagram
is to be delivered. The datagram is then passed to the data-link layer of the next link.
• The data-link layer of the next link encapsulates the datagram in a frame and passes
it to the physical layer for transmission.
D E C A P S U L AT I O N AT T H E D E S T I N AT I O N H O S T

• At the destination host, each layer only decapsulates the packet received and delivers the
data to the next-higher layer protocol until the message reaches the application layer.
ADDRESSING

• Any communication that involves two parties needs two addresses: source address and destination address

• At the application layer, we normally use names to define the site that provides services, such as the e-mail
address
• At the transport layer, addresses are called port numbers, and these define the application-layer programs
at the source and destination.
• At the network-layer, the addresses are global, with the whole Internet as the scope. A network-layer
address uniquely defines the connection of a device to the Internet.
• The link-layer addresses, sometimes called MAC addresses, are locally defined addresses, each of which
defines a specific host or router in a network (LAN or WAN).
ADDRESSING
The end