LEARNING OBJECTIVES

FOR CPR:
AT THE END OF THE DISCUSSION, PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
 EXPLAIN WHAT CPR IS;
 RECOGNIZE THE CRITERIA FOR WHEN TO START, NOT TO START, AND WHEN TO STOP CPR;
 DISCUSS THE CPR SEQUENCE;
 ENUMERATE THE COMPONENTS OF HIGH QUALITY CPR; AND
 ILLUSTRATE THE BLS CARDIAC ARREST ALGORITHM.
 AT THE END OF THE DEMONSTRATION, PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
 PERFORM CORRECT CPR TECHNIQUES TO AN ADULT, CHILD/INFANT WHO ARE IN CARDIAC
ARREST
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
FOR AED:
AT THE END OF THE DISCUSSION, PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
 DEFINE AED AND IDENTIFY ITS PARTS
 DEFINE DEFIBRILLATION
 EXPLAIN THE INDICATIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DEFIBRILLATION
 IDENTIFY CAUSES OF SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST
 ENUMERATE THE 4 UNIVERSAL STEPS OF A N AED OPERATION
 EXPLAIN THE SPECIAL CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE USE OF A N AED
 AT THE END OF THE DEMONSTRATION, PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
 DEMONSTRATE HOW TO PROPERLY USE AED TO A N ADULT, CHILD &
INFANT WHO ARE
IN CARDIAC ARREST.
 CARDIOPULMONARY
 ARESUSCITATION
series of assessments(CPR)
and interventions using
techniques and maneuvers m a d e to bring victims of
c a rd i a c a n d respiratory arrest b a c k to life.

Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March

2022
 WHEN TO START
C.P.R.
UNCONSCIOUS / UNRESPONSIVE
NOT BREATHING OR HAS N O NORMAL BREATHING (ONLY
GASPING)
N O DEFINITE PULSE
 NOTE: RESPONDERS NEED TO GENERALLY ASSUME THAT ALL
VICTIMS HAVE INFECTIOUS DISEASES SO THAT SAFETY
PROTOCOLS MUST BE COMPLETELY OBSERVED AT ALL TIMES.
 WHEN NOT TO
START
ALL VICTIMS C.P.R.
OF CARDIAC ARREST SHOULD RECEIVE CPR
UNLESS:
1. PATIENT HAS A VALID DNAR (DO NOT ATTEMPT RESUSCITATION) ORDER.
2. PATIENT HAS SIGNS OF IRREVERSIBLE DEATH (RIGOR MORT IS, DECAPITATION, DEPENDENT
LIVIDITY).
3. N O PHYSIOLOGICAL BENEFIT C A N BE EXPECTED BECAUSE THE VITAL FUNCTIONS HAVE
DETERIORATED AS IN SEPTIC OR CARDIOGENIC SHOCK.
4. CONFIRMED GESTATION OF < 23 WEEKS OR BIRTH WEIGHT < 400 GRAMS, ANENCEPHALY.
5. ATTEMPTS TO PERFORM CPR WOULD PLACE THE RESCUER AT RISK OF PHYSICAL INJURY.

Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March

2022
 WHEN TO STOP
RESTORED.
C.P.R.
 S - SPONTANEOUS SIGNS OF CIRCULATION ARE

- TURNED OVER TO MEDICAL SERVICES OR PROPERLY

 T
TRAINED AND AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL.
0 - OPERATOR IS ALREADY EXHAUSTED AND CANNOT
CONTINUE CPR.
- PHYSICIAN ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY (DECLARES DEATH, TAKES
 P OVER, ETC).
- SCENE BECOMES UNSAFE (SUCH AS TRAFFIC, IMPENDING
S
OR ONGOING VIOLENCE – GUN FIRES, ETC.).
S - SIGNED WAIVER TO STOP CPR.
 C.P.R. SEQUENCE

THE C-A-B
 CORE CONCEPT: OXYGEN TO THE BRAIN
 IN ORDER: COMPRESSION – AIRWAY – BREATHING
 COMPRESSIONS CREATE BLOOD FLOW BY INTRA-
INCREASING AND
PRESSURE DIRECTLY COMPRESS THE THORACIC
HEART; GENERATE
BLOOD FLOW AND
OXYGEN DELIVERY TO THE MYOCARDIUM AND BRAIN.
 CAB:
COMPRESSION
CIRCULATION REPRESENTS A HEART THAT IS ACTIVELY
PUMPING
BLOOD, MOST OFTEN RECOGNIZED BY THE PRESENCE
OF A
PULSE IN THE NECK (AND OTHER PERIPHERAL PULSES)
 ASSUME THERE IS NO CIRCULATION IF THE FOLLOWING
EXISTS: UNRESPONSIVE, NOT BREATHING, NOT MOVING
AND POOR SKIN COLOR (CYANOTIC).
 SIGN OF LIFE: RETURN OF SPONTANEOUS CIRCULATION
(ROSC).
CAB:
COMPRESSION
PROPER
POSITION IN
PERFORMING
CPR
 CAB:
COMPRESSION
ADULT CPR
 KNEEL FACING THE VICTIM’S CHEST.
 PLACE THE HEEL OF ONE HAND ON
THE
CENTER OF THE CHEST.
PLACE THE HEEL OF THE SECOND HAND O N
TOP OF THE FIRST SO THAT THE
HANDS ARE OVERLAPPED AND PARALLEL.

Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March

2022
 CAB:
COMPRESSION
CHILD CPR
 JUST BELOW THE NIPPLE LINE, LOWER
HALF OF STERNUM
 ONE HAND ONLY / TWO HANDS FOR
BIG CHILDREN.
 30:2 FOR SINGLE RESCUER, 15:2 FOR 2-
MAN
RESCUER (OPTIONAL FOR HCP).

Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March

2022
 CAB:
COMPRESSION
INFANT CPR
 JUST BELOW THE NIPPLE LINE,
LOWER HALF OF THE STERNUM.
 TWO FINGERS, FLEXING AT THE
WRIST
(LONE RESCUER).
2 THUMB-ENCIRCLING
HANDS
TECHNIQUE (TWO RESCUERS).

Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March

2022
 CAB: OPEN
 THIS MUST BE AIRWAY
DONE TO ENSURE AN
OPEN PASSAGE
FOR SPONTANEOUS BREATHING OR MOUTH TO MOUTH
DURING CPR

Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March

2022
 CAB: OPEN
AIRWAY
HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT
MANEUVER
 TILT THE HEAD BACK WITH YOUR
ONE HAND AND LIFT UP THE
CHIN WITH YOUR OTHER HAND

Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March

2022
 CAB: OPEN
AIRWAY
JAW THRUST MANEUVER

A TECHNIQUE THAT C A N BE
DONE BY AT LEAST TWO HIGHLY
TRAINED BLS PROVIDERS (IF
SUSPECTED WITH CERVICAL
TRAUMA).

Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March

2022
 CAB: BREATHING
 MAINTAIN OPEN AIRWAY.
 PINCH NOSE SHUT (IF MOUTH MOUT
TO H
RESCUE BREATHING (RB) IS PREFERRED).
 OPEN YOUR MOUTH WIDE, TAKE A
NORMAL BREATH, AND MAKE A TIGHT
SEAL AROUND OUTSIDE OF VICTIM’S
MOUTH.
 GIVE 2 FULL BREATHS (1 SEC EACH
BREATH).
 OBSERVE CHEST RISE.
 30:2 (COMPRESSION TO VENTILATION
RATIO).
Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March
5 CYCLES
2022 OR 2 MINUTES.
 PRIMARY C.P.R.
 CONTINUEPROCEDURE
CPR UNTIL:
 AED ARRIVES AND STARTS TO ANALYZE
 EMS PROVIDERS TAKE OVER THE CARE OF THE
VICTIM
 REASSESS VICTIM EVERY AFTER 2 MINS.
 RESCUERS M AY SWITCH ROLES (FOR TWO-M A N
RESCUER)
 IF PATIENT BECOMES CONSCIOUS, PLACE
PATIENT IN
RECOVERY POSITION
 RECOVERY
POSITION INFA
NT
ADULT / CHILDREN
 C.P.R. WITH ADVANCE AIRWAY
(HCP
CYCLES OF ONLY)
30 COMPRESSIONS : 2
VENTILATIONS SHOULD BE CONTINUED
UNTIL A N ADVANCED AIRWAY IS PLACED
 IF A N ADVANCED AIRWAY IS ALREADY IN
PLACE:
CONTINUOUS CHEST COMPRESSIONS AT A
RATE OF 100-120 PER MINUTE, WITHOUT
PAUSES FOR VENTILATION.
 VENTILATION RATE OF 1 BREATH EVERY 6
SEC. (10
BREATHS PER MINUTE)
AUTOMATE
D
EXTERNAL
DEFIBRILL
ATOR
 AUTOMATED EXTERNAL
 AEDS
DEFIBRILLATOR (AED)
ARE SOPHISTICATED, COMPUTERIZED DEVICES THAT C A N
ANALYZE A HEART RHYTHM AND PROMPTS THE USER TO DELIVER
A SHOCK WHEN NECESSARY. THESE DEVICES ONLY REQUIRE THE
USER TO TURN THE AED O N AND FOLLOW THE AUDIO INSTRUCTIONS
WHEN PROMPTED.

Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March

2022
 AUTOMATED EXTERNAL
DEFIBRILLATOR (AED)
PARTS OF AN
 AED IS USED PADS CONNECTOR PORTAED
TO: POWER
BUTTON
 APPLY
CONTROLLED
ELECTRICAL SHOCK
 RESTORE
ANENABLE
ORGANIZED
HEAR
RHYTHM
THE TO T
CONTRACT AN SHOCK
PUMP BLOOD D PADS DEFIBRILLATOR BUTTON

Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March

2022
 DEFIBRILLA
TION
A PROCESS IN WHICH AN
ELECTRONIC DEVICE (SUCH AS
AED), GIVES AN ELECTRICAL
SHOCK TO THE HEART.
DEFIBRILLATION STOPS
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION (VF)
BY USING AN ELECTRICAL
SHOCK AND ALLOWS THE RETURN
OF A NORMAL HEART RHYTHM.

Photo-credit: Google Images last retrieved on 23 March

2022
 VENTRICULAR
 COMMON
FIBRILLATION
AND TREATABLE INITIAL RHYTHM IN ADULTS WITH
WITNESSED
CARDIAC ARREST.
 SURVIVAL RATES ARE HIGHEST WHEN IMMEDIATE BYSTANDER CPR IS
PROVIDED
AND DEFIBRILLATION OCCURS WITHIN 3 TO 5 MINUTES OF COLLAPSE.
 RAPID DEFIBRILLATION IS THE TREATMENT OF CHOICE.
 RHYTHM CAUSING ‘ALL’ SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST.
 USELESS QUIVERING OF THE HEART → N O BLOOD FLOW.
 MYOCARDIUM IS DEPLETED OF OXYGEN & METABOLIC SUBSTRATES.
 AUTOMATED EXTERNAL
DEFIBRILLATOR
SEVERAL (AED)
FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT AED ANALYSIS:

 PATIENT MOVEMENT.
 REPOSITIONING THE PATIENT.
USE AED ONLY WHEN VICTIMS HAVE THE FOLLOWING 3
CLINICAL FINDINGS:
 N O RESPONSE
 N O BREATHING
 N O PULSE
 A.E.D.
PROCEDURES
REMEMBER:
CONTINUE CPR
UNTIL AN AED IS
AVAILABLE.

POWER ON
THE AED
 PRESS THE POWER
BUTTON
 Photo-credit:
FOLLOWGoogle VOICE
Images last retrieved on 23 March
PROMPTS
2022
 A.E.D.
PROCEDURES
ATTACH
 EXPOSE THE CHEST PADS
 DRY SKIN / SHAVE IF  ATTAC PAD
NECESSARY H S
ON
PATIENT’S
BARE CHEST.
 KEEP
FOLLOWING
VOICE
PROMPTS

Photo-credit: National Health Service

 A.E.D.
PROCEDURES
ADULT ATTACH
PADS VS CHILD
PADS
PADS

Photo-credit: National Health Service

 A.E.D.
PROCEDURES
ANALYZE
 ONCE THE
HEART
VOICE TELL
PROMPT RHYTHM S
“ANALYZING
TOUCH HEARTMAKE
THE PATIENT”, RHYTHM,
SURE: NO
DO
 T
NO ONE TOUCHES THE VICTIM!
 REMIND C O - RESCUERS / BYSTANDERS TO
AVOID
TOUCHING THE VICTIM.

*FOR SEMI-AUTOMATED AED: CLEAR THE

VICTIM AND MANUALLY PRESS ANALYZE
BUTTON
Photo-credit: National Health Service
 A.E.D.
PROCEDURES
DELIVER A SHOCK
 IF THE AED PROMPT TELLS “SHOCK
ADVISED” (IF INDICATED)
MAKE SURE:
 NO ONE TOUCHES THE VICTIM!
 VERBAL WARNING TO C O - RESCUERS /
BYSTANDERS:
 “CLEAR THE VICTIM”.
 PHYSICAL AND HAND GESTURES.
PRESS THE SHOCK BUTTON AND
IMMEDIATELY RESUME CPR.
Photo-credit: National Health Service
 DID WE MEET OUR
OBJECTIVES
 AT FOR
THE END OF THE CPR? PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
DISCUSSION,
 EXPLAIN WHAT CPR IS;
 RECOGNIZE THE CRITERIA FOR WHEN TO START, NOT TO START, AND WHEN TO STOP CPR;
 DISCUSS THE CPR SEQUENCE;
 ENUMERATE THE COMPONENTS OF HIGH QUALITY CPR; AND
 ILLUSTRATE THE BLS CARDIAC ARREST ALGORITHM.
 AT THE END OF THE DEMONSTRATION, PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
 PERFORM CORRECT CPR TECHNIQUES TO AN ADULT, CHILD/INFANT WHO ARE IN CARDIAC
ARREST
 DID WE MEET OUR
OBJECTIVES FOR
AT THE END OF THE AED? PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
DISCUSSION,
 DEFINE AED AND IDENTIFY ITS PARTS
 DEFINE DEFIBRILLATION
 EXPLAIN THE INDICATIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DEFIBRILLATION
 IDENTIFY CAUSES OF SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST
 ENUMERATE THE 4 UNIVERSAL STEPS OF A N AED OPERATION
 EXPLAIN THE SPECIAL CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE USE OF A N AED
 AT THE END OF THE DEMONSTRATION, PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
 DEMONSTRATE HOW TO PROPERLY USE AED TO A N ADULT, CHILD &
INFANT WHO ARE
IN CARDIAC ARREST.