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The presentation covers the second law of thermodynamics, highlighting the need for this law to explain energy transfer direction. It discusses Kelvin-Planck's and Clausius's statements, emphasizing the impossibility of achieving 100% thermal efficiency and the natural flow of heat. Additionally, it explains Carnot's theorem regarding the efficiency of heat engines and contrasts reversible and irreversible processes.

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13 views15 pages

Presentation Group 5

The presentation covers the second law of thermodynamics, highlighting the need for this law to explain energy transfer direction. It discusses Kelvin-Planck's and Clausius's statements, emphasizing the impossibility of achieving 100% thermal efficiency and the natural flow of heat. Additionally, it explains Carnot's theorem regarding the efficiency of heat engines and contrasts reversible and irreversible processes.

Uploaded by

golamrobbani2988
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WELCOME TO

OUR
PRESENTATION
PR E S E N TAT I O N
ON

Second law of thermodynamics

Reversible process

Irreversible process
PRESENTED TO

MALIHA NISHAT

Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
Pabna University of
Science & Technology
Content

Second law of thermodynamics

Kelvin-Plank’s statement

Clausius’s statement

Carnot’s theorem
Hot
Reversible process
Cold
Irreversible process
Second law of thermodynamics

 Why we need second law of thermodynamics ?

We know from first law of thermodynamics that if we apply heat energy in a


particular system then initially the system will changes it’s internal energy and
finally we get a work and we know about the principle of conservation of
energy from this law. That’s means this law explain that energy changes one
form to another form but total energy will remains constant as well as this law
can't explain in which the direction of energy will transfer from one object to
another object.

That's why we need to extend this law and then comes second law of
thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics gives us the answer how
energy will transfer from one object from another.
Kelvin-Planck’s statement

“It is impossible for any device that operates on


a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir
and produce only a net amount of work.”

Explanation:
X
• Kelvin Planck's Statement states that we cannot build any device like the
heat engine that runs on a cycle, absorbs heat energy and completely
transforms that energy into equal work.

• Some of the heat is released into the atmosphere.

• Practically it is impossible for any device to have 100% thermal efficiency.


Clausius’s statement

“It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle


and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a
lower-temperature body to a higher temperature body.”

Explanation
• It states that “heat can’t flow of itself from a cold body to a hot body.”
• Natural flow of heat is always from a hot body to a cold body.
• Clausius's statement also states that an air conditioner will not cool a
room without power.
Carnot’s theorem

 Carnot’s theorem states that :

• All heat engines operating between the two heat


reservoirs cannot have efficiencies greater than a
reversible heat engine operating between the same
reservoirs.

• The efficiency of the Carnot engine is independent


of the working substance.
Explanation of Carnot’s theorem

• Carnot’s theorem is also known as Carnot’s rule or Carnot’s principle.

• The theorem states that any heat engine does not have 100% efficiency. For
maximum efficiency of the heat engine, the processes involved should be
reversible.
• Carnot's theorem calculates thermoelectric devices maximum efficiency.

• Carnot's theorem can be used to study solid-to-liquid transitions and


reservoir temperatures' effects on heat engine efficiency.

• Carnot's theorem can improve solar and wind power efficiency.


Reversible process

The process which reverses in opposite direction


and in each stage of forward and reverse process the
result of heat and work becomes equal and opposite,
then that process is called reversible process.

Example
At normal pressure and 273K temperature, some
amount of ice absorbs heat for transformation into water
cooling
Cooling
and equal amount of water rejects same amount of heat
in order to be transformed into ice.
Things to remember !

 Characteristics of reversible process :


 A reversible process can be made to proceed in forward or backward
direction.
 Reversible process can not be achieved and it always a continuous
process.
 A reversible process can be bought back to the initial state without
making an change in the adjacent surroundings.

 Condition for reversible process :


 The process must be performed very slowly.
 The process will be reversible if no dissipation energy is created during
execution of the process.
Irreversible process

An irreversible can be defined as a process in which the


system and the surroundings do not return to their
original condition once the process is initiated. It is also
called indelible process.

Example
When two bodies having different temperature are in contact
with each other, heat will flow from higher temperature to
lower temperature. But no tendency will be found for the flow
of heat from the body of lower temperature to higher
temperature.
Things to remember !

 Characteristics of irreversible process :

 This process occurs suddenly and spontaneously.


 It is a very rapid process and thermodynamic equilibrium is not
maintained.
 It takes finite time and in single step.
 All natural process are irreversible.
 An irreversible process can not be brought back to it’s initial state
without making a change in the surroundings.

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