Properties and characteristics

What is Cloud computing ?

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 In Our Humble Opinion
• Cloud computing is a paradigm of computing, a new way of
thinking about IT industry but not any specific technology.
 Central ideas
• Utility Computing
• SOA - Service Oriented Architecture
• SLA - Service Level Agreement
 Properties and characteristics
• High scalability and elasticity
• High availability and reliability
• High manageability and interoperability
• High accessibility and portability
• High performance and optimization
 Enabling techniques
• Hardware virtualization
• Parallelized and distributed computing
• Web service
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 Properties and
Characteristics

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 Central Ideas

Don’t tell me details!!

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I DON’T CARE!!
Cloud Computing 4
 Utility
Computing
Central Ideas
SOA + SLA • Perspective from user :
 Users do not care about how the works are done
• Instead, they only concern about what they can get
 Users do not care about what the provider actually did
• Instead, they only concern about their quality of service
 Users do not want to own the physical infrastructure
• Instead, they only want to pay as many as they used
• What dose user really care ?
 They only care about their “Service”

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 Utility Computing
Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA

• One service provisioning model

 Service provider makes computing resources and
infrastructure management available to the
customer as needed, and charges them for
specific usage rather than a flat rate.
 Like other types of on-demand computing , the
utility model seeks to maximize the efficient use
of resources and/or minimize associated costs.

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 What Is Service?
Utility
Computing • Service is what you connect together using Web
SOA + SLA
Services.
• Service is the endpoint of a connection.
• Functionalities of service :
 A service should be well-defined
 A service should be self-contained
 A service should not depend on the context or state of
other services.

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 Service Oriented
Architecture
Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA

• Definition
 Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is essentially a collection of
services which communicate with each other
 Contain a flexible set of design principles used during the phases of
systems development and integration
 Provide a loosely-integrated suite of services that can be used within
multiple business domains
• Approach
 Usually implemented by Web Service model

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 Utility
Service Level
Agreement
Computing
SOA + SLA

• Definition
 A service-level agreement (SLA) is a contract between a network
service provider and a customer that specifies, usually in measurable
terms (QoS), what services the network service provider will furnish

• Common content in contract

 Performance guarantee metrics
• Up-time and down-time ratio
• System throughput
• Response time
 Problem management detail
 Penalties for non-performance
 Documented security capabilities

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 Scalability & Elasticity

Give me the world

without limitation!!
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 Scalability & Elasticity
• What is scalability ?
 A desirable property of a system, a network, or a process, which
indicates its ability to either handle growing amounts of work in a
graceful manner or to be readily enlarged.

• What is elasticity ?
 The ability to apply a quantifiable methodology that allows for the
basis of an adaptive introspection with in a real time infrastructure.

• But how to achieve these properties ?

 Dynamic provisioning
 Multi-tenant design

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 Availability & Reliability

Data Never Loss

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Machine Never Fail
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 Availability & Reliability
• What is availability ?
 The degree to which a system, subsystem, or equipment is in a
specified operable and committable state at the start of a mission,
when the mission is called for at an unknown time.
 Cloud system usually require high availability
• Ex. “Five Nines” system would statistically provide 99.999% availability
• What is reliability ?
 The ability of a system or component to perform its required
functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.
• But how to achieve these properties ?
 Fault tolerance system
 Require system resilience
 Reliable system security
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 Fault Tolerance
• What is fault tolerant system ?
 Fault-tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue
operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its
components.
 If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to
the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively-designed system
in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown.

• Four basic characteristics :

 No single point of failure
 Fault detection and isolation to the failing component
 Fault containment to prevent propagation of the failure
 Availability of reversion modes

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 Fault Tolerance
• Single Point Of Failure (SPOF)
 A part of a system which, if it fails, will stop the
entire system from working.
 The assessment of a potentially single location of
failure identifies the critical components of a
complex system that would provoke a total systems
failure in case of malfunction.

• Preventing single point of failure

 If a system experiences a failure, it must continue to
operate without interruption during the repair
process.

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 Fault Tolerance
• Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI)
 A subfield of control engineering which concerns itself with
monitoring a system, identifying when a fault has occurred and
pinpoint the type of fault and its location.

• Isolate failing component

 When a failure occurs, the system
must be able to isolate the failure
to the offending component.

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 Fault Tolerance
• Fault Containment
 Some failure mechanisms can cause a system to fail by propagating
the failure to the rest of the system.
 Mechanisms that isolate a rogue transmitter or failing component to
protect the system are required.

• Available of reversion modes

 System should be able to maintain some check points which can be
used in managing the state changes.

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 System Resilience
• What is resilience ?
 Resilience is the ability to provide and maintain an acceptable level of
service in the face of faults and challenges to normal operation.
 Resiliency pertains to the system's ability to return to its original state
after encountering trouble. In other words, if a risk event knocks a
system offline, a highly resilient system will return back to work and
function as planned as soon as possible.

• Some risk events

 If power is lost at a plant for two days, can our system recover ?
 If a key service is lost because a database corruption, can the business
recover ?

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 System Resilience
• Disaster Recovery
 Disaster recovery is the process, policies and procedures related to
preparing for recovery or continuation of technology infrastructure
critical to an organization after a natural or human-induced disaster.

• Some common strategies :

 Backup
• Make data off-site at regular interval
• Replicate data to an off-site location
• Replicate whole system
 Preparing
• Local mirror systems
• Surge protector
• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
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 System Security
• Security issue in Cloud Computing :
 Cloud security is an evolving sub-domain of computer security,
network security, and, more broadly, information security.
 It refers to a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls deployed
to protect data, applications, and the associated infrastructure of
cloud computing.

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 System Security
• Important security and privacy issues :
 Data Protection
• To be considered protected, data from one customer must be
properly segregated from that of another.
 Identity Management
• Every enterprise will have its own identity management system to
control access to information and computing resources.
 Application Security
• Cloud providers should ensure that applications available as a
service via the cloud are secure.
 Privacy
• Providers ensure that all critical data are masked and that only
authorized users have access to data in its entirety.

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 Manageability &
Interoperability

I Want Full Control !!

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 Manageability &
Interoperability
• What is manageability ?
 Enterprise-wide administration of cloud computing systems. Systems
manageability is strongly influenced by network management
initiatives in telecommunications.
• What is interoperability ?
 Interoperability is a property of a product or system, whose interfaces
are completely understood, to work with other products or systems,
present or future, without any restricted access or implementation.
• But how to achieve these properties ?
 System control automation
 System state monitoring

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 Control Automation
• What is Autonomic Computing ?
 Its ultimate aim is to develop computer systems capable of self-
management, to overcome the rapidly growing complexity of
computing systems management, and to reduce the barrier that
complexity poses to further growth.

• Architectural framework :
 Composed by Autonomic Components (AC) which will interact with
each other.
 An AC can be modeled in terms of two main control loops (local and
global) with sensors (for self-monitoring), effectors (for self-
adjustment), knowledge and planer/adapter for exploiting policies
based on self- and environment awareness.

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 Control Automation

• Four functional areas :

 Self-Configuration
• Automatic configuration of components.
 Self-Healing
• Automatic discovery, and correction of faults.
 Self-Optimization
• Automatic monitoring and control of resources to ensure the optimal
functioning with respect to the defined requirements.
 Self-Protection
• Proactive identification and protection from arbitrary attacks.

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 System Monitoring

• What is system monitor ?

 A System Monitor in systems engineering is a process within a
distributed system for collecting and storing state data.

• What should be monitored in the Cloud ?

 Physical and virtual hardware state
 Resource performance metrics
 Network access patterns
 System logs
 … etc

• Anything more ?
 Billing system
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 Billing System

• Billing System in Cloud

 Users pay as many as they used.
 Cloud provider must first determine the list of service usage price.
 Cloud provider have to record the resource or service usage of each
user, and then charge users by these records.
• How can cloud provider know users’ usage ?
 Get those information by means of monitoring system.
 Automatically calculate the total
amount of money which user
should pay. And automatically
request money from use’s banking
account.

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 Performance &
Optimization

High Performance
Improvement
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 Performance &
Optimization
• Performance guarantees ??
 As the great computing power in cloud, application performance
should be guaranteed.
 Cloud providers make use of powerful infrastructure or other
underlining resources to build up a highly performed and highly
optimized environment, and then deliver the complete services to
cloud users.

• But how to achieve this property ?

 Parallel computing
 Load balancing
 Job scheduling

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 Parallel Processing
• Parallel Processing
 Parallel processing is a form of computation in which many
calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the principle
that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are
then solved concurrently.

• Parallelism in different levels :

 Bit level parallelism
 Instruction level parallelism
 Data level parallelism
 Task level parallelism

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 Parallel Processing
• Hardware approaches
 Multi-core computer
 Symmetric multi-processor
 General purpose graphic processing unit
 Vector processor
 Distributed computing
• Cluster computing
• Grid computing
• Software approaches
 Parallel programming language
 Automatic parallelization

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 Load Balancing
• What is load balancing ?
 Load balancing is a technique to distribute workload evenly across
two or more computers, network links, CPUs, hard drives, or other
resources, in order to get optimal resource utilization, maximize
throughput, minimize response time, and avoid overload.

• Why should be load balanced ?

 Improve resource utilization
 Improve system performance
 Improve energy efficiency

Unbalanced
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 Job Scheduling
• What is job scheduler ?
 A job scheduler is a software application that is in charge of
unattended background executions, commonly known for historical
reasons as batch processing.

• What should be scheduled in Cloud ?

 Computation intensive tasks
 Dynamic growing and shrinking tasks
 Tasks with complex processing dependency

• How to approach ?
 Use pre-defined workflow
 System automatic configuration
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 Accessibility &
Portability

Anyone !
Anytime !
Anywhere !
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 Accessibility &
Portability
• What is accessibility ?
 Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a
product, device, service, or environment is accessible by as many
people as possible.

• What is service portability ?

 Service portability is the ability to access services using any devices,
anywhere, continuously with mobility support and dynamic
adaptation to resource variations.

• But how to achieve these properties ?

 Uniform access
 Thin client

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 Uniform Access
• How do users access cloud services ?
 Cloud provider should provide their cloud service by means of
widespread accessing media. In other word, users from different
operating systems or other accessing platforms should be able to
directly be served.
 Nowadays, web browser technique is one of the most widespread
platform in almost any intelligent electronic devices. Cloud service
take this into concern, and delivery their services with web-based
interface through the Internet.

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 Thin Client
• What is thin client ?
 Thin client is a computer or a computer program which depends heavily
on some other computer to fulfill its traditional computational roles.
This stands in contrast to the traditional fat client, a computer designed
to take on these roles by itself.
• Characteristics :
 Cheap client hardware
• While the cloud providers handle several client sessions at once, the clients can
be made out of much cheaper hardware.
 Diversity of end devices
• End user can access cloud service via plenty of various electronic devices, which
include mobile phones and smart TV.
 Client simplicity
• Client local system do not need complete operational functionalities.
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