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Tema 7 Subnetting, VLSM y CIDR

The document discusses subnetting and Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) as methods to efficiently manage IP address allocation within organizations. It explains how subnetting can create a hierarchical structure for networks, allowing for better organization and management of multiple networks. Additionally, it covers the process of calculating subnets and hosts, as well as supernetting for route summarization.

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42 views19 pages

Tema 7 Subnetting, VLSM y CIDR

The document discusses subnetting and Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) as methods to efficiently manage IP address allocation within organizations. It explains how subnetting can create a hierarchical structure for networks, allowing for better organization and management of multiple networks. Additionally, it covers the process of calculating subnets and hosts, as well as supernetting for route summarization.

Uploaded by

redesespoch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REDES DE COMUNICACIONES

Tema 7. Subnetting & VLSM

Alberto Arellano A. Ing. Msc.


aarellano@espoch.edu.ec
CCNA – CCNP - CCSP
Subnetting

 Problem: Organizations
have multiple networks
which are independently University
UniversityNetwork
Network
managed Engineering Medical

Solution 1: Allocate a School School
separate network
address for each network
Library
 Difficult to manage
 From the outside of
the organization, each
network must be
addressable.

Solution 2: Add another
level of hierarchy to the
Subnetting
IP addressing structure
Subnetting Example
Network address 172.16.0.0 with /16 network mask

Using Subnets: subnet mask 255.255.255.0


or /24
172.16.0.0/2 172.16.10.0/24
4

172.16.5.0/2 172.16.25.0/24
4

3
Basic Idea of Subnetting
 Split the host number portion of an IP address into a
subnet number and a (smaller) host number.
 Result is a 3-layer hierarchy

network prefix host number

network prefix subnet number host number

extended network prefix


 Then:
 Subnets can be freely assigned within the organization
 Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks
 Subnet structure is not visible outside the organization
How your provider (ISP) sees
you
150.50.1.0 /24
150.50.2.0 /24

150.50.0.0 /16

150.50.0.0
150.50.3/16
.0 /24

150.50.4.0 /24
150.50.5.0 /24

Subnetting does not change how the outside world


sees the network but provides additional structure
within the organization.
Calculating the number
subnets/hosts

192.168.1.0
255.255.255.0
Network Host

 Network 192.168.1.0/24
 Need:

As many subnets as possible, 60 hosts per
subnet
Calculating the number
subnets/hosts

Number of hosts per subnet

192.168.1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

255.255.255. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 host bits
Network Host

 Network 192.168.1.0/24
 Need:

As many subnets as possible, 60 hosts per
subnet
Calculating the number
subnets/hosts

Number of subnets
192.168.1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

255.255.255. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 255.255.255.192

6 host bits
Network Host
 Network 192.168.1.0/24
 Need:

As many subnets as possible, 60 hosts per subnet
 New Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192 (/26)

Number of Hosts per subnet: 6 bits, 64-2 hosts, 62 hosts

Number of Subnets: 2 bits or 4 subnets
Calculating the number
subnets/hosts

Number of subnets
192.168.1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

255.255.255. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 255.255.255.192

192.168.1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.0/26
192.168.1. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.64/26
192.168.1. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.128/26
192.168.1. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.192/26
 Number of Hosts per subnet: 6 bits, 64-2 hosts, 64 TOTAL
hosts, 62 usable hosts
 Number of Subnets: 2 bits or 4 subnets
Calculating the number
subnets/hosts

192.168.1.0
255.255.255.0
Network Host

 Network 192.168.1.0/24
 Need:

As many subnets as possible, 12 hosts per
subnet
Calculating the number
subnets/hosts

Number of hosts per subnet

192.168.1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

255.255.255. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 host bits
Network Host

 Network 192.168.1.0/24
 Need:

As many subnets as possible, 12 hosts per
subnet
Calculating the number
subnets/hosts

Number of hosts per subnet

Number of subnets
192.168.1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

255.255.255. 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 255.255.255.240

4 host bits
Network Host
 Network 192.168.1.0/24
 Need:

As many subnets as possible, 12 hosts per subnet
 New Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.240 (/28)

Number of Hosts per subnet: 4 bits, 16-2 hosts, 14 hosts

Number of Subnets: 4 bits or 16 subnets
Calculating the number
subnets/hosts
192.168.1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.0/28
192.168.1. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.16/28
192.168.1. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.32/28
192.168.1. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.48/28
 New Subnet Mask:
192.168.1. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.64/28 255.255.255.240 (/28)
192.168.1. 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.80/28

Number of Hosts per
192.168.1. 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.96/28 subnet: 4 bits, 16-2
192.168.1. 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.112/28 hosts, 16 TOTAL hosts,
192.168.1. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.128/28 14 usable hosts
192.168.1. 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.144/28 
Number of Subnets: 4
192.168.1. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.160/28 bits or 16 subnets
192.168.1. 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.176/28
192.168.1. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.192/28
192.168.1. 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.208/28
192.168.1. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.224/28
192.168.1. 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 192.168.1.240/28
VLSM

 Variable Length Subnet


Mask

 This is the process of


subnetting a subnet

 More than one


subnet mask can be
used
VLSM
 VLSM – the process of
sub-netting a subnet to fit
your needs.
 Example:
Subnet 10.1.0.0/16, 8
more bits are borrowed
again, to create 256
subnets with a /24 mask.
Mask allows for 254 host
addresses per subnet
Subnets range from:
10.1.0.0 / 24 to
10.1.255.0 / 24
* Same process for Subnet
10.2.0.0/16
VLSM
 Subnet 10.3.0.0/16, 12 more bits
are borrowed again, to create
4,096 subnets with a /28 mask.
–
Mask allows for 14 host
addresses per subnet
–
Subnets range from: 10.3.0.0 /
28 to 10.3.255.240 / 28
 Subnet 10.4.0.0/16, 4 more bits
are borrowed again, to create 16
subnets with a /20 mask.
–
Mask allows for 2,046 host
addresses per subnet
–
Subnets range from: 10.4.0.0 /
20 to 10.4.240.0 / 20
Supernetting
 Route summarization done by CIDR
 Routes are summarized with masks that are less than that
of the default classful mask (supernetting)
-Example:
172.16.0.0 / 13 is the summarized
route for the 172.16.0.0 / 16 to
172.23.0.0 / 16 classful networks

Although 172.22.0.0/16 and


172.23.0.0/16 are not shown in
the graphic, these are also
included in the summary route.
Routing Supernetting

Steps to calculate a route


summary:

1. List networks in binary


format
2. Count number of left
most matching bits to
determine summary
route’s mask
3. Copy the matching bits
and add zero bits to
determine the
summarized network
address
Example: Calculating a
summary route
 Which address can be used to
summarize networks
 A:
• 192.168.0.0/30
• 192.168.0.4/30  11000000 10101000 00000000 00000000
• 192.168.0.8/30  11000000 10101000 00000000 00000100
• 192.168.0.16/29  11000000 10101000 00000000 00001000
•B  11000000 10101000 00000000 00010000
• 192.168.4.0/30
• 192.168.5.0/30  11000000 10101000 00000100 00000000
• 192.168.6.0/30  11000000 10101000 00000101 00000000
• 192.168.7.0/29  11000000 10101000 00000110 00000000
 11000000 10101000 00000111 00000000

 Answer:????

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