GIS Defined

Geographic
Information System
By

Prof. V. M. Rokade
School of Environmental and Earth Sciences,
KBC North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon
E-mail: drvmrokade@gmail.com
• Geographic:
• Information:
• System:
Geographic
Geographic Coordinates
Information Vs. Data
Data VS Information

IA R P D P

P R A D I P
 Data
• Data are values of qualitative or quantitative
variables, belonging to a set of items. Those are
the facts and figures of the object.
• Geographic Data
• Non- Geographic Data
Non-Geographic Data Geographic Data
 Name:  Place of Birth (Location).
 Occupation:  Address of House (Location).
 Educational Qualification:
 Name of  Area under her ownership
Mother/Father/brother etc. (Location and extent).
 Height  Geographic Coordinates of
 Complexion her house (Location).
 Songs  Countries visited (Location).
System
 Geographic Information
GIS Defined

System
Maps + Information = GIS

A GIS is a collection of
computer hardware,
software, and geographic
data for digitally
capturing, managing,
analyzing, and displaying
all forms of
geographically referenced
information.
 GEOMETRIC ENTITIES OF MAP

• POINTS
• A State capital
• A District headquarter
• Post Office
• Bank
• Well
• School • POLYGONS/AREA
 Landuse/ Landcover
• LINES  Air Pollution Zone Map
• A River  A Lake
• Road Network  A district
• A railway line  Crop Map
 Geological Map
 SCALE OF MAP
GIS Defined

Scale of a map indicates the relationship between two

points on the map and the actual horizontal distance
between the corresponding points on the ground.
Three methods:
• Representative fraction : 1:50000 or 1/50000
1:63360 or 1/63360
• Graphical Scale: 1 Inch to 1 mile
• Linear Scale
 MAP PROJECTION
• A map projection is a set of rules for transforming features from the three-dimensional
earth onto a two-dimensional display. No flat representation of the earth can be
completely accurate, so many different projections have been developed, each suited
to a particular purpose. Map projections differ in the way they handle four properties:
• Area, Angles, Distance and Direction.
Rules:
1. No projection can preserve all four simultaneously, although some combinations can
be preserved, such as Area and Direction.
2. No projection can preserve both Area and Angles, however. The map-maker must
decide which property is most important and choose a projection based on that.
✔ Cylindrical projections are best for navigation and global maps
(e.g., Mercator).
✔ Conic projections are used for regional mapping (e.g., Albers,
Lambert).
✔ Azimuthal projections are ideal for polar regions and directional
maps.
THEMATIC MAPS/LAYERS
 TRADITIONAL MAPS Vs. GIS
1. Easy customizing/ Map Editing/Updation of Informations
2. Attachment of database attributes to features.
3. Safe storage/ Durability/ Wast Storage Capacity/No
decomposition/Physical Damage
4. Quick creation of buffers.
5. Overlays and area calculations.

GIS Traditional Map

 TRADITIONAL MAPS Vs. GIS

• Fast Decision Making

• Efficient Management Information Base
• User Friendly
• Changes can be incorporated easily
• Explore large study areas
• Can cope up with loads of data.
• Data Integration
• Generates “New Understanding”
 COMPONENTS OF GIS
GIS Defined

Geographic
data

GIS
Computer hardware /
?
Specific applications /
software tools decision making objectives
HARDWARE
 GIS SOFTWARE

• ERDAS/Imagine
• ER MAPPER
• ENVI
• PCI-Geomatica
• CARIS
• GRASS
• IDRSI
• ARC/INFO, ARCGIS
• ARCVIEW
• ILWIS
• SPANS
• PAMAP
• ISROGIS
• GISNIC
 GIS DATA

SPATIAL DATA NON- SPATIAL

DATA/ATTRIBUTES
1. Name of Country:
2. National Anthem
3. Coordinates:
4. No. of States:
5. Male:
6. Female:
7. Literacy:
8. Total Area:
9. Total Population:
10. Industrial Development:
11. Economy:
A GIS integrates the above two types of data and allows
the user to derive new data, for planning and resources
management through well defined operations
Spatial Data Non-Spatial Data
 Sources of Spatial Data

Videography
Existing Maps

Satellite Data
Aerial Photographs
Drawings and Plans
 Sources of Non-spatial Data

Survey Reports/ Research Papers

Field Visits

Personal Communication

Books
Media
LINKAGE BETWEEN SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL DATA
• A GIS stores information about the world as a collection
of thematic layers that can be linked together by other
Informations

Polygon 3 Scrub 17Very highClay

 SPATIAL DATA MODELS
Real World

Raster Representation Vector Representation

0
1 R
R T
T
point
2
3
H R
R
line
4 R R
5 R
6 R T H
7 R T T polygon
8 R
9 R
RASTER COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS GIS SOFTWARE

• Data Acquisition/Data Input

• Data Storage
• Data Processing
• Data Analysis
• Data Display /Output
• User Interface
 DATA INPUT

EXISTING MAPS FIELD OBSERVATIONS SENSORS

Interactive Digitizers Text files

Terminals

Magnetic Scanners
media

DATA INPUT TO GIS

HYDROLOGICAL MAPS
 GIS ANALYSIS

• GIS Analysis allows us to study the real world process

by developing and applying models.
• Results of GIS Analysis can be communicated with
maps, Graphs, diagrams and reports.
• Geographic Analysis includes Following operations:
1. Attribute Query /Statistical Analysis
2. Spatial Analysis (Buffering, Overlay
Analysis, Network Analysis, Topographical
Analysis)
3. GIS Integration
4. GIS Modelling
 SPATIAL ANALYSIS

• Spatial analysis tools are used to model, make predictions,

and reach conclusions about the problem of interest.
• Typical operations include
Overlaying different thematic maps
Computing areas
Performing Proximity searches
Buffer Zone Creation
Network analysis
Topographic Analysis etc..
GIS ANALYSIS
Overlay Analysis

Statistical Querry

Network Analysis
Buffer Analysis
TOPOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
 GIS INTEGRATION

• Roads
• Land Parcels
• Population 107’
• Utilities Vectors
• Land Mines Topology Dimensions
• Hospitals
• Refugee Camps Surveys
• Wells
ABC
• Sanitation
Networks
Images Annotation
CAD
Drawings
27 Main St.

3D Objects Attributes
Addresses
Terrain
TOPOLOGY TECHNIQUES IN GIS
GIS MODELLING
 DATA OUTPUT

DATA OUTPUT

Visual Display Printer/Plotter Magnetic Media

Terminal

Maps Tables figures

 WHY GIS?

• Better information management

• Higher quality analysis

• Ability to carry out “what if?” scenarios

• Improve project efficiency

Natural Resources
 Biotic Natural Resources and Abiotic Natural Resources
 All the available resources in the area can be mapped for:
1. Mineral
2. Forest
3. Forest
4. Water
5. Landscape Management
6. Exploration Land usage
7. Environmental Issues
8. Agriculture
9. Settlements
10. Reservoir area
 Availability of such data sets constitute a perfect tool for any
project evaluation, planning, implementation & monitoring
phase.
Public Utilities
1. Land / Property Taxation.
2. Water Supply Management.
3. Sewerage & Waste disposal
management.
4. Road Management.
5. Public Transport Management.
6. Supply Management.
7. Traffic management
1:2,00
8. Land use planning 0

9. Power Supply
LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
SITE SUITABILITY ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF DAMS

Ref: Gaurav, et al. (2007)

Strategic Planning
Disaster Management
Telecommunication
UTILITY MANAGEMENT
Transportation
Transportation
Business Applications
• Keep track of customers
locations
• Target Customers
• Locate sites for
businesses
• Target marketing
campaigns
• Analyse the competition
• Evaluate Market Potential
• Forecast sales
• Manage & optimize sales Demographics, Business
territories profiles, Market potential,
• Model retail spending Lifestyle
patterns segments, Traffic
• Generate market analysis patterns etc.
reports and market maps
 Business Applications
Banking / Finance
•Consumer Goods
•Direct Marketing / Retail
•Insurance
•Real Estate/Facility
Acquisition
•Restaurant / Food / Beverage
•Automotive
•Business Associations
•Business Services
•Database Services
•Manufacturing
•Small Business
•Travel/Tourism
Health Care
 Real Estate Management

1.Corporate real estate

2.Property inventory
3.Asset management
4.Brokerage Appraisal
5.Mortgage underwriting
6.Market ranking
7.Development Planning &
Implementation.
And Insurance Banking
HYDROLOGICAL MAPPING
DRAINAGE MORPHOMETRY (GIRNA, JALGAON)
HYDROLOGICAL MAPS
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE ESTIMATION
GROUNDWATER QUALITY
MONITORING GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT
AND UTILISATION
GROUNDWATER INFORMATION SYSTEM
 GROUNDWATER ACT IMPLIMENTATION
MONITORING

Maharashtra Groundwater (Development

And Management) Act, 2009