BROADCAST MEDIA

Prepared by: Ms. Angel Jane D.

Mananita
*Broadcasting is sending or transmitting (music,
newscast, and the like) by radio or television. It is
the process of transmitting a program by radio.
(Webster).

*Radio Broadcasting- is the transmission by radio

waves of entertainment , information, and other
materials intended for general public reception by
an unlimited number of receivers, or listeners.
( New Standard Encyclopedia).
NEWSCASTING OR READING RADIO SCRIPTS
-Radio listeners are not provided with visual cues to help them
internalize your message. Because of this, read your news script
with a moderate rate. Don’t rush your words and sentences until
you are out of breath.

Things to remember in Newscasting:

1. Pauses must be used sparingly and in shorter duration so as
not to distort the message.
2. Have a command of vocal expression that can put across
ideas, sentiments, and feelings very effectively to your listeners.
3. If you are a beginning broadcaster, make proper preparation before
going in the air. Practice reading your script or prepare your outline well
before hand until you become familiar with your topic. This may give you
the chance to adlib if needed.

4. Make your reading sound like a talk. Use a normal conversational

manner.

5. In developing your own speaking style, avoid a monotonous recital,

an artificial over-emphasis of a ‘stage’ inflection.

6. Be original. Have your own style of delivery. Do not attempt to imitate

the talking style of your favorite radio announcer.
AT THE RADIO STATION
After you have rehearsed your script, timed your delivery and marked
your script with signs for easy reading, you are now ready for your
newscasting. Now you are “on the air”.

1. Relax. No mental or psychological block.

2. Arrange the pages of your script loosely so that each page will slip
easily over the other.
3. Talk as you read. Speak with authority, confidence and vigor.
4. Converse with your listener enthusiastically. It does not matter
who wrote or prepared the script.
5. Talk fluently with no correct phrasing making sentences flow into
interesting speech.
6. Do not fix your eyes on the teleprompter or telecuer if you are
using one. Read as if you have memorized the script.
7. Converse with your audience. Keep the tone of your voice alive
and dynamic.
8. Observe correct pausing. Pause at the right places and time.
9. Avoid regionalist pronunciation. But don’t talk like an American
and be over-acting unless you have been trained as one. Do not say
fesh for fish or mating for meeting.
10. Talk to express, not to impress.
TIPS ON USING THE MICROPHONE

If you are a beginner, study the best microphone distance. Avoid

touching the mike with head or mouth.
1. Two inches or a foot away from the microphone can be
relatively effective. When speaking before a large audience,
back away from the mike and speak loudly.
2. To sound very personal, come closer to the mike and speak
slowly.
3. To make your voice fade in or out of the scene, talk and walk
at the same time. To fade in, walk toward the mike; to fade
out, walk away from it.
4. Aim your voice not to the center of the mike but slightly to
one side when speaking.
5. Breathe quietly. Put normal pressure on the sound of p, b, t,
k, and g. They sound quite loud on the mike. Check and be sure
of the pronunciation of unfamiliar words in your script.

6. Speak faster before a large audience somewhere between

135-175 words per minute.

7. Limit body movement because you have to maintain a fixed

distance from the microphone.

8. Your listeners do not see you; however, feel free to use

gesture or facial expressions that will help you sustain that
informal conversational style. Your bodily movement will make
you feel relaxed.
9. Practice reading your script until you appear to be
talking rather than reading. Your voice and your language
must carry your message effectively.

10. Be ready to fill time allotment. Get ready with enough

materials to supplement your report just in case you need
them. To avoid running overtime, mark materials on your
script which would be cut off if you are short of time.
Although the script may be prepared by a team of writers
you may revise or correct it as the need arises, because
you are in command at the moment.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIO BROADCAST STYLE

1. Use language correctly.

- Watch your grammar. Be accurate and precise in your choice of words. Use
words which you think your listeners are familiar with. There are times
when you can’t avoid the use of technical terms. Use them but define or
explain the word or words to convey your meaning.

2. Use a more restricted vocabulary than what is usually found in print copy.
- Choose words that are readily understood. The reader may get at once the
meaning of words which will be lost completely if presented aurally.

- Avoid Use Avoid Use

- Summon call passed away died
- Terminate end commence begin
- Endeavor try utilize use
- Indisposed sick, ill cognizant aware
3.Use descriptive, connotative, and forceful words.
-the use of descriptive words is important in writing radio copy in as much as
there is no visual accompaniment to the sound. Well-chosen descriptive words
and phrases help the listener build a mental picture of the setting or a dramatic
scene of an event.

4. Use the active voice.

-the active voice (the subjects performs the action) is more dynamic and more
forceful. It makes a commercial or news story seem more alive. The passive
voice requires more words.
Poor: Food, medicine and clothes were brought by local student leaders
to the flood victims in Central Luzon.
Better: Local student leaders brought food, medicine and clothes to the
flood victims in Central Luzon.
5. Use Contraction.
-Contraction are frequently and naturally used in normal conversation. They
should also be used in broadcast copy. It is more natural, more spontaneous
and more informal to say didn’t instead of did not or we’ll instead of we will. As
explained , do not use contraction when you want emphasis.

6. Use personal pronouns extensively.

-The use of the first (I, we)and second (you) person pronouns make the copy
sound more personal, more informal and more conversational than if the writer
uses just nouns or third (she, he, it, they) person pronouns. But be sure that
the antecedent of the pronoun is clear.

e.g., My children have many toys, so I gave them away.

(whom did you give away, your children or the toys?)
7. Use simple sentences.
-One problem in long and compound or complex sentences concerns misplaced
modifiers which confuse the listeners.

-Confusing: The suspect shot the man standing in front of City Hall with a
red hat.

-Clear: The suspect shot the man with a red hat who was standing in front of
the City Hall.

8. Make use of transition words and vocal cues.

-in broadcast media, the listener is led through the structure or the material by
three types of cues. Transition, words, vocal inflections and pauses. Example
of transition words re: now, next, still, finally, then, when, yesterday, today, last
week. They are helpful in constructing a news stry in which clear chronology
of events is needed in order to understand the story.
9. Read or speak with moderate rate ( speed pace) within the listeners’
ability to understand.
-Too many ideas presented very fast will become a jumble to the listeners. Too
slow presentation become boring. One reason why the announcer reads very
fast is due to the fact that much information has been packed up in one
paragraph for the newscaster to read within a specified time.

10. Avoid negative constructions.

-Negative statements are obstacles to clarity; they are less descriptive and
provide less information.
-Poor: Flu epidemic is not rampant in Manila.

-Better: PGH director allays flu fear in Manila.

11. Avoid the use of homophones
-Homophones are words that sound alike but have different meanings. They
are easily understood when read, but now when heard. Examples of these are
stationary and stationery; break and brake; council and cousel’ already and all
ready. Do not use them in the same sentence.

12. Avoid redundancies, double speak and clichés.

-Redundancy is the use of words for the same ideas like repeat it again, the
two twins, and the other alternative.
-Double speak is language that pretends to communicate but really doesn’t. it
is a language that make the bad seem good, the negative appear positive and
the unpleasant appear attractive.
-Clichés are trite, stereotyped expressions, a sentence or phrase usually
expressing a popular or common thought or idea that has lost originality,
ingenuity and impact by long overuse such as it’s now or never, selling like
hotcakes, chasing rainbows, and at this point in time.
PHOTOJOURNALISM
Prepared by: Ms. Angel Jane D.
Mananita
PHOYOJOURNALISM is the use of
pictures or photos and illustrations for
publication. It is a specialized branch of
publication, the art and science of
photography combined with the written
words. The mere taking of pictures is
photography not photojournalism.

Photography – the art or process of making

pictures by means of a camera that directs
the image of an object onto a surface (as
film) that is sensitive to light.
The main purpose of pictures in
newspaper and magazines are to
expand and clarify written
communication, and act as a bait
to lure the reader into the body
type.
PICTURE SELECTION
There are two things to remember and consider when selecting
pictures for publications:

1.Technical value- A picture has technical value when it is clear,

free from smudges, clear and not blurred.

2.Editorial value- it has editorial value when it tells a story at a

glance, when it shows life happening, moment of truth and
significance- meaning it has news value.
There are five functions of photos and
other images, namely:

1. To attract attention
2. To illustrate a point in the story
3. To tell a story itself through the aid of
captions
4. To tell a story in sequence with other
illustrations; and
5. To give visual relief to the layout.
Characteristics of a Good Photographer
A good cameraman:
1. Should have a working knowledge of his outfit-
camera, lens, and films;
2. Should know a little of art and be possessed
with a notion of contrast, composition, angle
and shape;
3. Must have a nose for drama, oddity, rarity,
action and for human interest stories;
4. Must be acquainted with the important as well
as with the notorious people who break into
the new often;
5. must have diplomacy and tact when covering
risky assignments like fires, riots, rallies, and
demonstrations: and
6. Must be acquainted with the libel laws, since
libel suits can also proceed from pictures.
CAPTION WRITING
-A CAPTION is the text of body type,
accompanying photos or art work or any pictorial
illustration. It is sometimes called cutline or
underline. The title or explanatory matter above
the illustration is called overline.

Captions should be closely related to the picture

so that the reader may be able to take in picture
and caption at a glance. This explains why the
caption should be underneath the picture when
there are other materials on the page.

The caption can be at the side when caption and

picture are isolated.
Things to Remember:
1. All rules in news printing apply to caption
writing.
2. Captions should be written in short pithy
sentences, say an average of 15 words
for a sentence.
3. The basic question every caption must
tell of its pictures are: Who, What, Where,
When and Why. Who are in the picture?
What are they doing in it? When are they
doing it?
4. Give the full Christian name or first name
to identify everyone in the picture and be
accurate.
5. A gay (happy) picture should have a
gay caption. A somber (serious or sad)
picture should not make weak jokes.
Match the caption with the mood of the
picture. This is a question of judgment.

6. A caption is conversational. It should

exploit the picture potential interest, e.g.,
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in
Filipiniana dress while Vice President
Noli De Castro in military attire. These
should be mentioned in the caption.
7. Captions should supplement what is
seen. They are not captions if they
merely tell the reader what he can see. A
caption of a picture showing President
Arroyo speaking should not say, “
President Arroyo Speaking”. See to it
that the caption supplements the pictorial
information briefly.

8. The caption should not contradict the

photo, e.g., Boy Scout planting tree
seedlings but the boys scouts are
looking at the camera smiling and not
planting.
9. Don’t begin a caption with “ Photo
Shows” especially if it really doesn’t or “
In the Photo are..” this is totally
unnecessary.

10. Don’t rewrite the news story as a

caption. This merely wastes space.

11.Choose a type or front different from

the normal body type, either bold or
italics, but be consistent.
THE PICTURE STORY

-A picture story is the use of a series of

pictures with a minimum of words
called caption story. Pictures stories
are often used in the feature sections
and in magazines.

-the picture story is also used to

illustrate a “how to” article. How to play
basketball, for example, can be best
illustrated with the use of visuals.
THE CAPTION STORY
-Most pictures in the features section and in
magazines are explained with a caption story in
essay form. Unlike in news photos wherein the
caption is written in short pithy sentences merely
answering the 5W’s. captions, aside from
answering the important W’s , are descriptive ,
narrative or expository.

-However, there are pictures that tell a story by

themselves. Only a minimum of caption is needed
or even a caption may by superfluous. Editorial
cartoons usually don’t have captions, but they tell
stories or make a point.