Pharmaceutical production

SESSION 3:
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Pharm Dismas Makungu
 LEARNING TASKS
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Describe environmental management in Tanzania
 Define environmental impact assessment
 List key features and elements of environment impact assessment
 Explain the importance of environmental impact assessment
 List stakeholders of environmental impact assessment
 Outline the steps in conducting environmental impact assessment
1. Environment Management in
Tanzania
 Management of environment in Tanzania is carried out by the National
Environment Management Council (NEMC) which came into being in 1983
when the Government of Tanzania enacted the National Environment
Management Act No. 19 of 1983

 NEMC was established with a broad mandate in response to the national need
for such an institution to oversee environmental management issues and also
implement the resolutions of the Stockholm conference (1972), which called
upon all nations to establish and strengthen national environmental Councils to
advise governments and the international community on environmental issues
1. Environment Management in
Tanzania
 The Environmental Management (EMA) Act No. 20 of 2004 provides for a legal
and institutional framework for sustainable management of the environment,
prevention and control pollution, waste management, environmental quality
standards, public participation, environmental compliance and enforcement

 EMA also gives NEMC mandates to undertake enforcement, compliance , review

and monitoring of environmental impacts assessments, research, facilitate public
participation in environmental decision-making, raise environmental awareness
and collect and disseminate environmental information
Some of the objectives of NEMC
o To enforce and ensure compliance of the national environmental
quality standards.
o To review of Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and conduct
environmental monitoring and auditing of projects and facilities
o To undertake and co-ordinate research, investigation and surveys in
the field of environment and collect, and disseminate information
o To carry-out research and surveys for the proper management and
conservation of environment
o To render advise and technical support to entities engaged in natural
resources and environmental management
Some of the objectives of NEMC
o To initiate and evolve procedures and safeguards for the prevention of
accidents which may cause environmental degradation
o To enhance environmental education and public awareness; and
establish and operate national environmental information system for
sound environmental management
o To publish and disseminate manuals, codes and guidelines relating to
environmental management and prevention or abatement of
environmental degradation
o To issue restoration and recommend for easements orders, and save
prohibition notice
2. Environment Impact
Assessment –EIA
 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating
the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or
development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic,
cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse

 EIA is a national instrument that is undertaken for proposed activities

that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the
environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national
authority
2. Environment Impact
Assessment –EIA
 EIA is used to improve decision-making and ensure that development options
under consideration are environmentally, socially and economically sound
and sustainable
 EIA is concerned with identifying, predicting and evaluating the foreseeable
impacts, both beneficial and adverse, of proposed development projects and
alternatives
 EIA aims to eliminate or minimise negative impacts and optimise positive
impacts through mitigation and enhancement measures
 EIA relates to a process rather than a particular activity, the environmental
impact study itself being only one component of the process
3. Features and Key Elements of
an Effective EIA
 EIA is a continuous and integral component of planning that should run
continuously throughout the planning cycle of any development initiative
 EIA facilitates dialogue, prediction and response and provides a forum for
proponents, decision-makers and the public, to consider the potential impacts
of a project on local communities, natural resources and environmental quality
 EIA helps to enhance social and economic opportunities, and to promote
conservation and provides a mechanism for enhancing new economic and
social opportunities and for introducing long-term environmental protection
and conservation measures into project design
3. Features and Key Elements of
an Effective EIA
 EIA provides a framework for stakeholder participation in decision-making,
experience has shown that development projects imposed on local
communities often fail to address issues of local concern and priority, and
hence fail to engender a perception of local ownership
 EIA is a tool to improve decision-making, and provides project-specific and
strategic information before project implementation decisions are reached
o It is also a mechanism for addressing cross-sectoral and cross-boundary issues
o EIA helps to avoid inadvertent problems and their associated costs during project
design
The key elements of effective
EIA system
o A legal basis with accompanying regulations
o Appropriate institutional arrangements for co-ordination and regulation of EIA
system, e.g. by an environment agency
o Provision for stakeholder involvement and public participation
o High level political commitment and awareness
o Availability of national technical capacity and EIA expertise
o Normal review system of EIA reports established by government
o Transparency in decision making processes on proposed development actions
o In addition to these certain basic resources and conditions are required if EIA
is to make an effective contribution to the design of projects, plans and
policies
4. Stakeholders in EIA
 Project proponents
 EIA practitioners or service providers
 Reviewers
 Decision-makers
 The public
 Project proponents
o They are responsible for commissioning and paying for the EIA process
o Include government ministries and departments, private sector companies and
development agencies

 EIA practitioners or service providers

o These undertake or provide inputs to the EIA process
o They include individuals; organisations; research and academic institutes; NGOs; and
both local and international consulting companies

 Reviewers
o They are responsible for determining the level of environmental assessment required
(screening), and ensuring that the EIA process proceeds according to agreed, clear and
comprehensive terms of reference
o They also review the EIA process and communicate their findings to decision-makers
and other stakeholders
 Decision-makers
o They are responsible for making decisions on project development once an
environmental impact statement (EIS) has been submitted
o They may include central government, local authorities and development
agencies. ·
 The public
o They are the most important stakeholders
o They contribute ideas and information that can help to avoid unforeseen
problems, improve project design and contribute to monitoring
o They are involved in decision-making
 5. Importance of EIA
 EIA is a management tool for improving the long-term viability of projects
 EIA helps to avoid mistakes that can be expensive and damaging in
environmental, social and economic terms
 EIA is used for early warning planning of a wide range of resource use,
development, and conservation initiatives in order to make the most of
options for achieving sustainability
 EIA helps choosing the best project or options that can help in the
achievement of sustainable development
 EIA improves accountability, planning and decision making
 EIA helps avoid conflict, especially with public and stakeholder involvement
6. Steps to Conduct EIA
 Registration  EIA Report
 Screening  The review of EIA
 Scoping  Environmental management
 Compiling Terms of and monitoring
Reference  Environmental auditing
 Organising the EIA Study  Decision making
 Undertaking the EIA study

Ref: Handout 3.1

 Registration
o Registration is a simple administrative procedure which requires project proponents
to officially register their intention to undertake a development activity

 Screening
o It is the initial review of projects by NEMC to determine if an EIA is required, and
to avoid the unnecessary expense of a full EIA for a project which does not need it

 Scoping
o Scoping, sometimes referred to as preliminary assessment, is used to focus the EIA
on the key issues for decision-making

 Compiling Terms of Reference

o Terms of reference (ToR) are normally prepared following the screening stage and
after a decision for a partial or full project EIA and therefore are usually the
product of scoping
 Organising the EIA Study
o Organising the EIA study involves acquisition of relevant environmental standards and
guidelines and knowledge of relevant policies, laws and institutional arrangements

 Undertaking the EIA study

o EIA studies attempt to predict which impacts will occur as a result of the project and their
likely significance

 EIA Report
o The final report from an EIA is also often termed an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
o For the EIA process to achieve its objectives it is important that any report produced is
accurate, contains all the relevant information, is clearly written and understood by the
public, non-technical people and decision makers

 The review of EIA

o Provides interpretation that allows for decision making
 Environmental management and monitoring
o Monitoring assesses the effect of the project on the natural and cultural environment

 Environmental auditing
o Environmental auditing refers to the systematic, documented, periodic and
objective review of practices related to meeting environmental requirements
o An audit can help EIA process managers to learn from experience, and further
refine and improve the EIA process as a whole

 Decision making
o Decision-making takes place throughout the EIA process
o The main decision in the EIA process, whether or not to allow the proposal to
proceed is made by the government agency (NEMC), following consultation and
public participation
 KEY POINTS
 Management of environment in Tanzania is carried out by the
National Environment Management Council (NEMC) which came
into being in 1983 when the Government of Tanzania enacted the
National Environment Management Act No. 19 of 1983

 EIA is a national instrument that is undertaken for proposed activities

that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the
environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national
authority
 KEY POINTS
 EIA is a continuous and integral component of planning that should run
continuously throughout the planning cycle of any development initiative
 EIA is used for early warning planning of a wide range of resource use,
development, and conservation initiatives in order to make the most of
options for achieving sustainability
 Steps to conduct EIA are Registration, screening, scoping, compiling
terms of reference, organizing the EIA, conducting EIA study, EIA
reporting, EIA review, Environmental management and monitoring,
Environmental auditing, Decision making
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
 What is NEMC?
 What are the roles of NEMC?
 What is EIA?
 What is the importance of EIA?
 What are the steps for conducting EIA?
 REFERENCES
• Brew, D., & Lee, N. (1996). Monitoring Environmental Management Plans and Post-
Project Analysis. EIA Newsletter 12: 10-11, University of Manchester.

• Canter, L., & Sadler, B. (1997). A Tool Kit for Effective EIA Practice - Review of Methods
and Perspectives on their Application: A Supplementary report of the International study of
the effectiveness of Environmental Assessment. IAIA, June (1997.)

• Clark, B.D., (1993). Environmental Assessment, Environmental Management and

Sustainable Development. Paper presented at the 14th International Seminar on EA and
Management, (1993 27 June-10 July ). CEMP, University of Aberdeen.

• Department of Wildlife, (1996). Policy of Wildlife Conservation. Revised Final draft.

Ministry of Natural Resources and tourism. United Republic of Tanzania.
 REFERENCES
• Donnelly, A., Hughes, R. and Dalal-Clayton, B (1998). A directory of impact
assessment guidelines. Second edition. IIED, London

• Ebisemiju, F.S. (1993). Environmental Impact Assessment: making it work in

developing countries. J. Environmental. Management, 38(4), pp 247-273.

• Gennaro, R. A, et.al (eds) 1995 Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,
Volume I & II, (19th ed.): Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042

• Glasson, J., Therivel, R., and Chadwick, A. (1995). Introduction to Environmental

Impact Assessment. The Natural and Built environment Series. UCL, London.
 REFERENCES
• Goodland, R., Mercier, J.R. Muntemba, S (editors). (1996). Environmental
Assessment (EA) in Africa - A World Bank Commitment. Proceedings of the
Durban, World bank Workshop (1995 June 25.). World Bank, Washington D.C.

• Howlett D.J.B. & Nagu J. (1997). Agricultural project planning in Tanzania.

Institute of Development Management, Mzumbe and Development and Project
Planning Centre, Bradford, UK.

• MTNRE (1994). National Environment Conservation Policy, Draft. Ministry of

Tourism Natural Resources and Environment. United republic of Tanzania, Dar es
Salaam