GROUP 2

PRESENTATION
"RECOGNIZE THE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF
BIOMOLECULES SUCH AS CARBOHYDRATES,
LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS. "
 BIOMOLECULES
A biomolecule is a chemical
compound found in living organisms.
These include chemicals that are
composed of mainly carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
and phosphorus. Biomolecules are
the building blocks of life and
KEY CONCEPTS:
Biomolecules are an organic molecule
that includes carbohydrates, protein,
lipids, and nucleic acids. They are
important for the survival of living
cells. Some of valuable biomolecules
have huge demand, which cannot be
fulfilled from their renewable
resources.
 CARBOHYDRATES
• The word carbohydrate is derived
from carbo, implying “carbon,” and
hydrate, implying “hydrogen and
oxygen.

• act as an energy source, help control

blood glucose and insulin metabolism,
participate in cholesterol and
 CARBOHYDRATES
• Carbohydrates, also known as carbs, are vital
at every stage of life. They're the body's
primary source of energy and the brain's
preferred energy source

• fiber, starches and sugars — are essential food

nutrients. Your body turns carbs into glucose
(blood sugar) to give you the energy you need
to function. Complex carbs in fruits,
vegetables and whole-grain foods are less
CARBOHYDRATES
• MONOSACCHARIDE
S

• DISACCHARIDES
MONOSACCHARIDES
• The simplest units of
carbohydrates and the simplest
form of sugar

• These single sugar molecules

contain 6 carbon atoms, 12
hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen
atoms, chemical formula as C6
H12 O6
MONOSACCHARIDES
• three main monosaccharides that we
consume are fructose, galactose
and glucose.

> GLUCOSE
a type of sugar you get from foods you
eat, and your body uses it for energy. As it
travels through your bloodstream to your
cells, it's called blood glucose or blood sugar.
MONOSACCHARIDES
• three main monosaccharides that we
consume are fructose, galactose
and glucose.

> FRUCTOSE
a sugar found naturally in fruits, fruit juices,
some vegetables and honey.
MONOSACCHARIDES
• three main monosaccharides that we
consume are fructose, galactose
and glucose.

> GALACTOSE
a sugar by product of lactose found in breast
milk, cow's milk, and other dairy foods into
glucose. Galactose is derived from the
breakdown of lactose
 DISACCHARIDES
• (also called a double sugar or
biose) is the sugar formed when
two monosaccharides are joined
by glycosidic linkage.

• general molecular formula of a

disaccharide is C 12 H 22 O 11 .
 DISACCHARIDES
• There are three common
disaccharides: maltose, lactose,
and sucrose.

> MALTOSE
a sugar made out of two glucose molecules
bound together. It's created in seeds and
other parts of plants as they break down
their stored energy in order to sprout.
 DISACCHARIDES
• There are three common
disaccharides: maltose, lactose,
and sucrose.

> LACTOSE
composed of galactose and glucose and has
a sugar that is naturally found in milk and
milk products, like cheese or ice cream
 DISACCHARIDES
• There are three common
disaccharides: maltose, lactose,
and sucrose.
> SUCROSE
consisting of glucose and fructose,
commonly found in sugarcane and sugar
beets. It is a type of sugar associated with
various chronic diseases like dental caries,
obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular
disease in epidemiological studies.
POLYSACCHARIDES
• a long-chain carbohydrate made up of
smaller carbohydrates called
monosaccharides that's typically used by
our bodies for energy or to help with
cellular structure.

• These complex bio-macromolecules

functions as an important source of
energy in animal cell and form a
structural component of a plant cell.

• general chemical formula of

 POLYSACCHARIDES
• Examples of Polysaccharides are:
Starch , Glycogen, Cellulose,
Chitin.
> STARCH
- Used for energy storage in plants.
- They provide a quick form of energy for
the body.
LIKE:

POTATO RICE PASTA

 POLYSACCHARIDES
• Examples of Polysaccharides are:
Starch , Glycogen, Cellulose,
Chitin.
> GLYCOGEN
- Used for energy storage in animals.
- When the body doesn’t need glucose
for energy, it stores it in liver and
muscles in the form of glycogen.
 POLYSACCHARIDES
• Examples of Polysaccharides are:
Starch , Glycogen, Cellulose,
Chitin.

> CELLULOSE
- Found in plants, in cell walls bark of
trees.
- Gives us fiber
 POLYSACCHARIDES
• Examples of Polysaccharides are:
Starch , Glycogen, Cellulose,
Chitin.

> CHITIN
- Forms the exoskeleton of certain
insects and crutaceans.
 LIPIDS
• Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds
which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble
vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides,
phospholipids, and others. The functions of
lipids include storing energy, signaling, and
acting as structural components of cell
membranes.

• Lipids provide mechanical protection for the

internal organs of the body and serve as
 LIPIDS
• They help with moving and storing energy,
absorbing vitamins and making hormones.

• The structure is typically made of a glycerol

backbone, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), and a
phosphate group (hydrophilic). As such,
phospholipids are amphipathic.

• Lipids can be classified into four main types,

namely fatty acids, glycerolipids, phospholipids,
 FATTY ACIDS
• are the building blocks of the fat in our
bodies and in the food we eat.

• During digestion, the body breaks down fats

into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed
into the blood.

• Fish and other seafood (especially cold-

water fatty fish, such as salmon,
mackerel, tuna, herring, and sardines)
Nuts and seeds (such as flaxseed, chia
seeds, and walnuts)
 GLYCEROLIPIDS
• are a structurally heterogeneous group
of lipids that play key structural and
functional roles in bacterial, plant, and
animal membranes.

• They all have at least one hydrophobic

chain linked to a glycerol backbone in
an ester or ether linkage.
 PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• a group of polar lipids that
consist of two fatty acids, a
glycerol unit and a phosphate
group which is esterified to an
organic molecule (X) such as
choline, ethanolamine, inositol,
etc.
 SPINGOLIPIDS
• collective term for lipids with a
specific structure named
“sphingoid base,” which is a
long-chain aliphatic amine
containing two or three
hydroxy groups at the
structural end
 PROTEINS
• Proteins are another class of indispensable
biomolecules, which make up around 50per cent
of the cellular dry weight. Proteins are polymers
of amino acids arranged in the form of
polypeptide chains. The structure of proteins is
classified as primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary in some cases.

• Body -building molecules which help us grow

 PROTEINS
• Control the speed of chemical reactions.

• Used for growth and repair.

• The overall structure of the protein includes

both alpha helices (green) and beta sheets
(red). The primary structure of a protein — its
amino acid sequence — drives the folding and
intramolecular bonding of the linear amino acid
chain, which ultimately determines the protein's
 PROTEINS
• Proteins serve as structural support,
biochemical catalysts, hormones, enzymes,
building blocks, and initiators of cellular death.

• These include antibodies, contractile proteins,

enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural
proteins, storage proteins, and transport
proteins.
Nucleic Acids
What are Nucleic Acids?
Large biomolecules essential for all living
cells and viruses.
• Store and transmit genetic information.
• Two main types: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic
Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid).

DNA: Encodes genetic instructions for building

proteins.
RNA: Helps in protein synthesis and gene
 NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Nucleic acids are polynucleotides—that is,
long chainlike molecules composed of a
series of nearly identical building blocks
called nucleotides.
• A major function of nucleic acids involves
the storage and expression of genomic
information.
• The two main classes of nucleic acids are
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
 NUCLEOTIDES
• Building Block for Nucleic Acid
Nitrogenous
Bases
Purines
(Adenine,
Guanine).

Pyrimidines
(Cytosine,
Thymine in
DNA, Uracil in
RNA).
 NUCLEOTIDES
• Building Block for Nucleic Acid
Nitrogenous
Bases
Purines
(Adenine,
Guanine).

Pyrimidines
(Cytosine,
Thymine in
DNA, Uracil in
RNA).
 NUCLEOTIDES
• Building Block for Nucleic Acid

Feature DNA RNA

Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose

Strands Double-stranded Single-stranded

Bases A, T, G, C A, U, G, C

Function Genetic Storage Protein Synthesis

 THAT’S ALL
THANK YOU

“THE IMPORTANT THING IS NEVER STOP

QUESTIONING”

-Albert Einstein
 QUIZ TIME !
“To raise new questions, new possibilities, to
regard old problems from a new angle, requires
creative imagination and marks real advance in
science.”
1.What is the simplest units of carbohydrates and
the simplest form of sugar?
A. Disaccharides
B. Polysaccharides
C. Monosaccharides

2. An organic molecule that includes carbohydrates,

protein, lipids, and nucleic acids.
A. Protein
B. Biomolecules
C. Mineral
3.A group of polar lipids that consist of two fatty
acids, a glycerol unit and a phosphate group.
A. Phospholipids
B. Polysaccharides
C. Glyserolipids

4. Are large biomolecules that play essential roles

in all cells and viruses.
A. Nucleic Acids
B. Biomolecules
C. Carbohydrates
5.Used for energy storage in plants.
A. Glycogen
B. Cellulose
C. Starch

6. Control the speed of chemical reactions and used

for growth and repair.

A. Lipids
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates
7.Provide mechanical protection for the internal organs of
the body and serve as waterproof covering in some plants
and animals.
A. Nucleic Acids
B. Cellulose
C. Lipids

8. Also known as carbs, are vital at every stage of life.

They're the body's primary source of energy and the
brain's preferred energy source

A. Lipids
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates
9.Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crutaceans.
A. Chitin
B. Cellulose
C. Sugar

10. Composed of galactose and glucose and has a sugar

that is naturally found in milk and milk products, like
cheese or ice cream

A. Lactose
B. Sucrose
C. Disaccharides