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Machine Design

The document outlines key considerations in machine design, including load types, motion, material selection, and safety. It details the general procedure for designing machines, emphasizing the importance of analyzing forces, selecting appropriate materials, and ensuring ease of assembly. Additionally, it discusses mechanical properties of materials and the concepts of design factor and factor of safety to ensure durability and reliability in machine components.

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adarsh
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4 views20 pages

Machine Design

The document outlines key considerations in machine design, including load types, motion, material selection, and safety. It details the general procedure for designing machines, emphasizing the importance of analyzing forces, selecting appropriate materials, and ensuring ease of assembly. Additionally, it discusses mechanical properties of materials and the concepts of design factor and factor of safety to ensure durability and reliability in machine components.

Uploaded by

adarsh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Machine design

• When you design or make a machine the


major concern will be that machine works well
and it is easy to work
• General consideration in designing of machine
components:
• 1) type of load and stresses
• When machine is designed, we have to see what
type of load is been put and what type of stresses
are acting on different parts of the machine like
compressive stress, axial stress, tensile stress and
shear stress.
• So analysis of these stresses is very much importnat
• 2) motion of parts
• What type of motion is there in machine weather it is
linear motion, rotational motion, translation motion,
reciprocating or oscillatory motion.
• 3) selection of materials
• The type of material required for construction of
machine parts
• Gaskets- Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Silicone rubber
• Food grade metal- SS 304
• MS PIPES – For service fluids
• food-grade, resistant to cleaning chemicals, and do
not impart taste or odour to the dairy products.
• 4)Form and size of part
• It should be accessible
• Should fit in room
• 5) economical
• It should be affordable to purchase by end users.
• 6) use of standard parts
• Parts should be available throughout the world
• 7) safety of operation
• Machine should be designed such that it should be
safe for operator to operate
• 8) cost of construction
• It should be designed optimally
• 9) assembling
• Easy to assemble
General procedure in machine design
Need/aim

Mechanism

Analysis of forces

Material selection

Design of element size and stress

Modification

Detail drawing

Production
• Need is the mother of invention
• Whenever there is a problem there is need to
find the solution
• 1) insects are more in filed- need to develop
insect trap
• 2) river is flowing b/w school and village- need
to develop/construct bridge
• 3) railway crossing – construct flyover or bridge
• Mechanism
• When one force is applied then how does the
other part moves
• Drive mechanism of any machine
• Homogenizer - reciprocating motion of
position
• Pressure applied/made to pass through valve
causes cavitation, microturbulance
• In IC engine the reciprocating motion of crank
and connecting rod is converted into rotational
motion of wheel.
• Analysis of forces
• When you design valve eg: homogenizer valve what
type of forces are acting on it, so that you can
design the valve with good strength
• Material selection
• Homogenizer valve is made up of stellite
• When forces act on it causes lot of shear and hence
lot of erosion might be there so high strength
material should be selected like
Stellite stellite in alloy
is a cobalt-chromium case of
homogenizer valve
• turbines are made from nickel-based super alloys
which exhibit excellent creep resistance at high
temperatures
• Design of element size and stress
• Precise size is required while designing the
equipment parts
• Homogenizer valve and seat should be designed
precisely to get equal clearance space throughout
the valve.
• Modification
• If modification required can be done
• Detailed drawing
• Auto cad drawing of machine has to be done front
view, top view, side view etc.
• Production
Mechanical properties of materials
• Properties of material will help to know, where to use
the material or helps to know the material end use
• Elasticity
• Plasticity.
• Ductility..
• Malleability.
• hardness
• Brittleness.
• creep
• Fatigue.
• Resilience.
• Elasticity:
• When load is applied on material it changes it
shape and when load is removed it regains its
shape this property is called elasticity.
• Which is more elastic rubber or steel?

ε
• Plasticity
• When load is applied on material it changes its
shape but when load is removed it doesn’t regains
it shape this property is called plasticity
• When material is compressed or streched more
than elastic limit then it comes into plasticity
• Ductility :
• When load is applied on material so that it can be
drawn into wire such property is called as ductility
• Material has elasticity, plasticity so it can be
stretched (copper wire)
• Brittleness
• Lack of ductility in material is known as brittleness
of material
• Eg: glass, cast iron
• Malleability:
• When load is applied to material so that it can be
made into sheet/formed into sheets such property
is called malleability
• Eg: steel sheets
• Hardness
• It resists external force
• The property due to which material resist the
external force avoiding dent formation or
deformation.
• Toughness
• Property of a material to resist sudden shock or stress
• Car windshield is tough and less hard, so that whenever a
stone suddenly hits the car windshield it should resist that
immediate shock/stress
• Creep
• Slow deformation under constant load is called as creep
(stress is constant)

Deformation in this butter


block is creep
• Fatigue
• When different loads like impact, shock, shear
stress are varying on material then the failure
experienced in material is called fatigue.
• Fatigue helps to define the age of machine
• After 1 years, 10 years, 50 years what is the
condition of machine
• (eg: old bridge of sirgapur after some decades
its life has expired)
Design factor and factor of safety
• Design factor:
• The design factor is defined as how much the designed
part is required to be able to withstand load/stress.
• Design factor=loss of functional strength/allowable
stress
• For example: the two wheeler is made for 2 people
maximum 3 people but when designer designs the two
wheeler he will design/devlope vehicle which is able to
withstand even six people
• If say lifespan of vehicle is 20 years, ther will be a time
where you will ride the vehicle with 6 people so your
vehicle has to be designed for this load and this called
as design factor
• FACTOR OF SAFETY
• wkt ability of material to resist the loading is called
strength and always for safety purpose a material
should have higher strength than the strength
required for external loading
• So FOS is defined as ratio of failure stress to working
stress
• (failure stress is the ultimate stress where material
breaks)suppose a machine has a failure stress of
600 N and working stress is 300N
• SO FOS = 600/300 =2

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