Graph

Northwest Airline Flight

Anchorage
Boston
Minneapolis
Seattle
Hartford
SF

Austin Atlanta
Computer Network Or Internet
Charter Comcast

Regional Network

Intel UNT
Application
 Traveling Saleman

Start

 Find the shortest path that connects all

cities without a loop.
Concepts of Graphs

node or vertex

edges (weight)
Graph Definition
 A graph G = (V,E) is composed of:
V: set of vertices (nodes)
E: set of edges (arcs) connecting the vertices in
V
 An edge e = (u,v) is a pair of vertices
 Example: a b V= {a,b,c,d,e}

E= {(a,b),(a,c),
c (a,d),
(b,e),(c,d),(c,e),
(d,e)}
d e
Undirected vs. Directed Graph

Undirected Graph Directed Graph

– edge has no oriented – edge has oriented vertex
Degree of a Vertex
 The degree of a vertex is the number of edges
to that vertex
 For directed graph,
 the in-degree of a vertex v is the number of edges
that have v as the head
 the out-degree of a vertex v is the number of edges
that have v as the tail
 if di is the degree of a vertex i in a graph G with n
vertices and e edges, the number of edges is
n 1

e ( d )/ 2
0
i
Hint: Adjacent vertices are
counted twice.
Subgraph
 Subgraph:
 subset of vertices and edges
 Simple Path
 A simple path is a path such that all vertices are distinct,
except that the first and the last could be the same.
 ABCD is a simple path

A C

path
D
 Cycle
 A cycle is a path that starts and ends at the same point. For
undirected graph, the edges are distinct.
 CBDC is a cycle

A C

D
Connected vs. Unconnected
Graph

Connected Graph Unconnected Graph

Directed Acyclic Graph
 Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) : directed
graph without cycle
Weighted Graph
 Weighted graph: a graph with numbers
assigned to its edges
 Weight: cost, distance, travel time, hop, etc.

0
20 10
1 1
2
4
5
3
Representation Of Graph
 Two representations

 Adjacency Matrix

 Adjacency List
Adjacency Matrix
 Assume N nodes in graph
 Use Matrix A[0…N-1][0…N-1]
 if vertex i and vertex j are adjacent in graph,
A[i][j] = 1,
 otherwise A[i][j] = 0
 if vertex i has a loop, A[i][i] = 1
 if vertex i has no loop, A[i][i] = 0
Example of Adjacency Matrix
A[i][j] 0 1 2 3
0 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1
1 2 1 1 0 1
2
3 0 1 1 0
3 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1
So, Matrix A = 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
Undirected vs. Directed
 Undirected graph
 adjacency matrix is symmetric
 A[i][j]=A[j][i]
 Directed graph
 adjacency matrix may not be symmetric
 A[i][j]A[j][i]
Directed Graph
A[i][j] 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 1 1
0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 0 1
1
2 3 0 0 0 0

3 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1
So, Matrix A = 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
Weighted Graph
A[i][j] 0 1 2 3
0 0 20 10 1
1 20 0 0 5
0 2 10 0 0 4
20 10
3 1 5 4 0
1 1
2
4 0 20 10 1
5 20 0 0 5
3
So, Matrix A = 10 0 0 4
1 5 4 0
Adjacency List
 An array of list
 the ith element of the array is a list of vertices that
connect to vertex i
0 1 2 3
0 1 3

1 2 3
2
3
3
vertex 0 connect to vertex 1, 2 and 3
vertex 1 connects to 3
vertex 2 connects to 3
Weighted Graph
 Weighted graph: extend each node with an
addition field: weight

0 0 1 10 2 20 3 1
20 10
1 0 10 3 4
1 1
2 2 0 20 3 5
4
5 3 0 1 1 4 2 5
3
Comparison Of Representations

Adjacency Adjacency
Cost
Matrix List
Given two vertices u and v: degree of
find out whether u and v are O(1) node
adjacent O(N)
degree of
Given a vertex u:
O(N) node
enumerate all neighbors of u
O(N)
Summations
For all vertices:
of all node
enumerate all neighbors of each O(N2) degree
vertex
O(E)
Complete Graph
• There is an edge between any two vertices

Total number of edges

in graph:
E = N(N-1)/2 = O(N2)
Sparse Graph
• There is a very small number of edges in the
graph
For example:
E = N-1= O(N)
Space Requirements
 Memory space:
 adjacency matrix O(N2)
 adjacency list O(E)
 Sparse graph
 adjacency list is better
 Dense graph
 same running time
Graph Traversal
 List out all cities that United Airline can
reach from Hartford Airport
CHI

Hartford
SF

NYC

LA
DC
Graph Traversal
 From vertex u, list out all vertices that can
be reached in graph G
 Set of nodes to expand
 Each node has a flag to indicate visited or
not
Traversal Algorithm
 Step 1: { Hartford }
 findneighbors of Hartford
 { Hartford, NYC, CHI }
CHI

SF Hartford

NYC

LA
W. DC
Traversal Algorithm
 Step 2: { Hartford, NYC, CHI }
 findneighbors of NYC, CHI
 { Hartford, NYC, CHI, LA, SF }

CHI

SF Hartford

NYC

LA
W. DC
Traversal Algorithm
 Step 3: {Hartford, NYC, CHI, LA, SF }
 findneighbors of LA, SF
 no other new neighbors
CHI

SF Hartford

NYC

LA
W. DC
Traversal Algorithm
 Finally we get all cities that United
Airline can reach from Hartford Airport
 {Hartford, NYC, CHI, LA, SF }
CHI

SF Hartford

NYC

LA
W. DC
Algorithm of Graph Traversal
1. Mark all nodes as unvisited
2. Pick a starting vertex u, add u to probing list
3. While ( probing list is not empty)
{
Remove a node v from probing list
Mark node v as visited
For each neighbor w of v, if w is unvisited,
add w to the probing list
}
Graph Traversal Algorithms
 Two algorithms
 Depth First Traversal
 Breadth First Traversal
Depth First Traversal
 Probing List is implemented as stack (LIFO)
 Example
 A’s neighbor: B, C, E A
 B’s neighbor: A, C, F
 C’s neighbor: A, B, D B
C E
 D’s neighbor: E, C, F
 E’s neighbor: A, D D
F
 F’s neighbor: B, D
 start from vertex A
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Initial State
 Visited Vertices { }
 Probing Vertices { A }
 Unvisited Vertices { A, B, C, D, E, F }
stack A
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Peek a vertex from stack, it is A, mark it
as visited
 Find A’s first unvisited neighbor, push it
into stack
 Visited Vertices { A }
 Probing vertices { A, B }
B
 Unvisited Vertices { B, C, D, E, F }
A A
stack
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Peek a vertex from stack, it is B, mark
it as visited
 Find B’s first unvisited neighbor, push
it in stack
 Visited Vertices { A, B } C
 Probing Vertices { A, B, C }
B B
 Unvisited Vertices { C, D, E, F }
A A
stack
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Peek a vertex from stack, it is C, mark it
as visited
 Find C’s first unvisited neighbor, push it
in stack D
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C } C C
 Probing Vertices { A, B, C, D }
B B
 Unvisited Vertices { D, E, F }
A A
stack
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Peek a vertex from stack, it is D, mark
it as visited
 Find D’s first unvisited neighbor, push E
it in stack D D
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, D } C C
 Probing Vertices { A, B, C, D, E }
B B
 Unvisited Vertices { E, F }
A A
stack
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Peek a vertex from stack, it is E, mark it
as visited
 Find E’s first unvisited neighbor, no E
vertex found, Pop E D D
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, D, E } C C
 Probing Vertices { A, B, C, D }
B B
 Unvisited Vertices { F }
A A
stack
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Peek a vertex from stack, it is D, mark it
as visited
 Find D’s first unvisited neighbor, push it F
in stack D D
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, D, E } C C
 Probing Vertices { A, B, C, D, F}
B B
 Unvisited Vertices { F }
A A
stack
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Peek a vertex from stack, it is F, mark it
as visited
 Find F’s first unvisited neighbor, no F
vertex found, Pop F D D
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, D, E, F } C C
 Probing Vertices { A, B, C, D}
B B
 Unvisited Vertices { }
A A
stack
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Peek a vertex from stack, it is D, mark it
as visited
 Find D’s first unvisited neighbor, no
vertex found, Pop D D
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, D, E, F } C C
 Probing Vertices { A, B, C }
B B
 Unvisited Vertices { }
A A
stack
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Peek a vertex from stack, it is C, mark it
as visited
 Find C’s first unvisited neighbor, no
vertex found, Pop C
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, D, E, F } C
 Probing Vertices { A, B }
B B
 Unvisited Vertices { }
A A
stack
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Peek a vertex from stack, it is B, mark it
as visited
 Find B’s first unvisited neighbor, no
vertex found, Pop B
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, D, E, F }
 Probing Vertices { A }
B
 Unvisited Vertices { }
A A
stack
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Peek a vertex from stack, it is A, mark it
as visited
 Find A’s first unvisited neighbor, no
vertex found, Pop A
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, D, E, F }
 Probing Vertices { }
 Unvisited Vertices { }
A
stack
 Depth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Now probing list is empty
 End of Depth First Traversal
 VisitedVertices { A, B, C, D, E, F }
 Probing Vertices { }
 Unvisited Vertices { }

stack
Breadth First Traversal
 Probing List is implemented as queue
(FIFO)
 Example A
 A’s neighbor: B C E
 B’s neighbor: A C F B
C E
 C’s neighbor: A B D
 D’s neighbor: E C F D
F
 E’s neighbor: A D
 F’s neighbor: B D
 start from vertex A
 Breadth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Initial State
 Visited Vertices { }
 Probing Vertices { A } A
 Unvisited Vertices { A, B, C, D, E, F } queue
 Breadth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Delete first vertex from queue, it is A, mark
it as visited
 Find A’s all unvisited neighbors, mark them
as visited, put them into queue A
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, E }
 Probing Vertices { B, C, E } B C E
 Unvisited Vertices { D, F }
queue
 Breadth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Delete first vertex from queue, it is B, mark
it as visited
 Find B’s all unvisited neighbors, mark them
as visited, put them into queue B C E
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, E, F }
 Probing Vertices { C, E, F } C E F
 Unvisited Vertices { D }
queue
 Breadth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Delete first vertex from queue, it is C, mark
it as visited
 Find C’s all unvisited neighbors, mark
them as visited, put them into queue C E F
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, E, F, D }
 Probing Vertices { E, F, D } E F D
 Unvisited Vertices { }
queue
 Breadth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Delete first vertex from queue, it is E, mark
it as visited
 Find E’s all unvisited neighbors, no vertex
found E F D
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, E, F, D }
 Probing Vertices { F, D } F D
 Unvisited Vertices { }
queue
 Breadth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Delete first vertex from queue, it is F, mark
it as visited
 Find F’s all unvisited neighbors, no vertex
found F D
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, E, F, D }
 Probing Vertices { D } D
 Unvisited Vertices { }
queue
 Breadth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Delete first vertex from queue, it is D, mark
it as visited
 Find D’s all unvisited neighbors, no vertex
found D
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, E, F, D }
 Probing Vertices { }
 Unvisited Vertices { }
queue
 Breadth First Traversal (Cont)
– A’s neighbor: B C E
– B’s neighbor: A C F
A
– C’s neighbor: A B D
– D’s neighbor: E C F B
– C E
E’s neighbor: A D
– F’s neighbor: B D
F D
 Now the queue is empty
 End of Breadth First Traversal
 Visited Vertices { A, B, C, E, F, D }
 Probing Vertices { }
 Unvisited Vertices { }

queue
Difference Between DFT & BFT
 Depth First Traversal (DFT)
 order of visited: A, B, C, D, E, F A

B E
C
 Breadth First Traversal (BFT)
 order F D
of visited: A, B, C, E, F, D