YEAR 9 IGCSE

Unit 1 – Number 1

Topics:
Simplifying Fractions
Directed Numbers
BIDMAS
% Increase and Decrease
Standard Form
Decimal Places
Significant Figures
Simplifying Fractions
Recap - Divide numerator and denominator by the same number.

21 7 3

56 7 8

• Might take more than one step

• More than one way.
• Divide numerator and denominator by the same number.

40 2 20 2 10 2 5
  
56 2 28 2 14 2 7
Success Criteria
• I can reduce fractions into their simplest form
• I can convert between Fractions/Percentages/Decimals
Reducing Fractions
• Divide numerator and denominator by the same number.

44 

77 

44 11 4

77 11 7
How can we convert decimals to percentages and
fractions?

To convert decimals to percentages we

multiply by 100.

So, 0.6 60%

=

Remember, when we multiply by 100 we

move the decimal point 2 places to the
right.
How can we convert a percentage to a fraction?

• ‘Per cent’ means ‘out of 100’

• 25% = 25 out of 100 = 25/100

• We can then cancel this fraction down, so, dividing the

numerator and denominator by 25 gives us:

1/4
Decimals to percentages and fractions

0.1 = 10% 10/100 1/10

= =
0.2 20% = 20/100 = 1/5
=
0.3 = 30% = 30/100 3/10
=
0.45 45% = 45/100 = 9/20
=
How can we convert a percentage to a decimal?

• Divide by 100

So, 25% is the same 25/100 = 0.25

as

REMEMBER: WHEN WE DIVIDE BY 100 WE

MOVE THE DECIMAL POINT 2 PLACES TO THE
LEFT
Percentages to decimals

10% 10/100 0.1

= =
25% = 25/100 =0.25
38% = 38/100 0.38
=
92% = 92/100 =0.92
How can we convert fractions to decimals and
percentages?

If we divide the numerator by the denominator we get a decimal

So, ¼ = 1 divided by 4 0.25

=

As a percentage, ¼ = 0.25 =
25%
Fractions to decimals and percentages

1/10 =10/100 0.1 10%

= =
1/5 = 20/100 = 0.2 20%
=
3/10 30/100 0.3 30%
= = =
9/20 45/100 =0.45 45%
= =
Equivalent Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages
Copy and complete the following equivalence table:

FRACTION PERCENTAGE DECIMAL

3/10 30% 0.3

3/5 60% 0.6

2/25 8% 0.08
9/50 18% 0.18
24/25 96% 0.96
1/2 50 0.5
1/25 %4% 0.04
3/4 75% 0.75
Extension
As a decimal, a fraction, and a percentage are all different ways of
writing the same thing, we can sometimes make a calculation easier by
using an equivalent form instead of the decimal, fraction or percentage
given.
Example 1.

20% of 35. As 20% is 1/5, this is the same as 1/5 x 35 = 1/7

Example 2.
0.3 x 340. As 0.3 is 30%, this is the same as 30% of
340.
10% of 340 is 34. So, 30% of 340 = 3 x 34 = 102
Example 3.

3/25 of 40. As 3/25 is 0.12, this is the same as 0.12 x 40 =

4.8
Rewrite the following using an
alternative to the percentage, decimal
or fraction given.
Then work out the answer.
a) 20% of 75 b) 2/25 of 60 c) 25% of 19 d)60% of 550
1/5 x 75 = 15 0.08 x 60 = ¼ x 19 = 4 ¾ 0.6 x 550 =
4.8 330
e) 3/20 of 90 f) 0.5 x 64 g) 3/5 of 7 h) 0.4 x 270
0.15 x 90 = ½ x 64 = 32 0.6 x 7 = 4/10 x 270 =
13.5 4.2 108
i) 75% of 44 j) 0.333 x 180
¾ x 44 = 33 1/3 x 180 = 60
 Directed Numbers and BIDMAS
Basic Rules
ADD a POSITIVE means ADD + +3 = + 3

ADD a NEGATIVE means SUBTRACT + -3 = - 3

SUBTRACT a POSITIVE means SUBTRACT - +3 = - 3

SUBTRACT a NEGATIVE means ADD - -3 = + 3

Success Criteria
• I can add, subtract, multiply and divide directed numbers
• I can use BIDMAS to perform calculations in the correct order
Rule for Multiplication
POSITIVE x POSITIVE = POSITIVE +
2 x + 3 = +6

POSITIVE x NEGATIVE = NEGATIVE +

2 x -3 = -6

NEGATIVE x POSITIVE = NEGATIVE -

2 x + 3 = -6

NEGATIVE x NEGATIVE = POSITIVE -

2 x -3 = +6

If SAME SIGN, answer is POSITIVE

Rule for Division Inverse of Multiplication

POSITIVE ÷ POSITIVE = POSITIVE +

18 ÷ +3 = +6

POSITIVE ÷ NEGATIVE = NEGATIVE +

18 ÷ -3 = -6

NEGATIVE ÷ POSITIVE = NEGATIVE -

18 ÷ +3 = -6

NEGATIVE ÷ NEGATIVE = POSITIVE -

18 ÷ -3 = +6

If SAME SIGN, answer is POSITIVE

 BIDMAS
Calculate each of the following, you may use a calculator to help you.

1. 3  4 3  1 14
2. 18  16 4  10 24
3. 18  916 2 72

4. 42 8  3 -1

2
 5. 18  3  8 2 13
 
 6.  
2
18  3  82 116.5
 


 7. 24  52  10  9

 8. 24  52  10 -11

 Did you get them all correct? Why might you have made a mistake?

B rackets

I ndices

D ivision

M ultiplication

A ddition

S ubtraction
Make each sum work by using the symbols (), , , , 

1. 6 3 24 22 = 18 6  324  2218

2. 20 5 1 4 = 3 20  51  43

2
3. 6 3 8 = 20 62 3  8 20

12  2  1 99
2
4. 12 2 1 = 99

5. 36 3
2
3 8 = 3  
36  32  3 8 3



Percentages
Using the Decimal Multiplier to Find Percentages
Example: Find 12% of £54?

Decimal = 12% = 12 = 12 ÷ 100 = 0.12

multiplier 100

On calculator: 0.12 x 54 = 6.48

= £6.48
Success Criteria
• I can calculate percentage increase and decrease by using a
percentage decimal multiplier.
Percentage Increase

Example: Increase £24 000 by 3%

3% of 24 000 + 100% of 24 000

103% of 24 000 = 103 x 24 000

100
= 1.03 x 24 000
= £24 720
Percentage Decrease
Example: Reduce £17.60 by 15%
15% of £17.60 – answer from £17.60

100% of £17.60 – 15% 0f £17.60

85% of £17.60 (100% - 15% = 85%)

= 0.85 x 17.60 = £14.96

What do you……
• Multiply a quantity by if it increased by

a) 6% b) 9% c) 17.5% d) 1.25%
a) 1.06 b) 1.09 c) 1.175 d)
1.0125
• Multiply a quantity by if it is decreased by

a) 6% b) 9% c) 17.5% d) 1.25%

a) 0.94 b) 0.91 c) 0.825 d) 0.9875

Recap - What are Indices?
• Indices provide a way of writing numbers in
a more convenient form
• Indices is the plural of Index
• An Index is often referred to as a power
For example

5 x 5 x 5 = 53
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 24
7 x 7 x 7x 7 x 7 = 75
5 is the INDEX
7 is the BASE NUMBER

75 & 24 are numbers in INDEX FORM

Combining numbers

5x5x5 x2x2x2x2
= 5 3 x 24

We can not write this any more simply

Can ONLY do that if BASE NUMBERS are the same

Rule 1 : Multiplication

26 x 24 = 210
24 x 22 = 26
35 x 37 = 312
General Rule

am x an = am+n
Rule 2 : Division

26 ÷ 24 = 32
25 ÷ 22 = 23
35 ÷ 37 = 3-2
General Rule

am ÷ an = am-n
Rule 3 : Brackets

(26)2 = 26 x 26 = 212
(35)3 = 35 x 35 x 35 = 315
General Rule

(am)n = am x n
Rule 4 : Index of 0

How could you get an answer of 30?

35 ÷ 35 = 35-5 = 30
30 = 1 General Rule

a0 = 1
Standard Form
You need to understand about powers of 10.
Try these to test your previous knowledge.

10 2 10 -1 105
103
101 10-2
10 6
10 -3 Remember this?

104 100
Success Criteria
• I can write large numbers in standard form and perform
calculations in standard form
Standard Form is used a lot in maths and
science as a convenient way of writing very
large, or very small numbers for example:

The distance from the earth to the sun is

149 000 000 km huge!

A hydrogen atom has a diameter of about

0.000 000 2 mm microscopic!

 Let’s deal with large numbers first.
Look at how these numbers have been broken down:

500 = 5 × 100 = 5 × 102

5000 = 5 × 1 000 = 5 × 103

50 000 = 5 × 10 000 = 5 × 104

you know how to write
these as powers of 10
What about these?

550 = 5.5 × 100 = 5.5 × 102

5 500 = 5.5 × 1 000 = 5.5 × 103

55 000 = 5.5 × 10 000 = 5.5 × 104

Put these numbers into standard form:

6 000 = 6 × 10 3 4 000 = 4 × 103

400 450
= 4 × 10 2 = 4.5 × 102

80 000 55000
3500 = 5.5 × 104
9 000 = 8 × 10
4

4 00 000 = 9 × 10 3 750 000 = 3.5 × 103

Standard form is:

a number
between 1
and 10
× a power
of ten

ing 10 positive
t inc lud or nega
but n o t ive
Standard Index Form
• Method for writing very large or very small
numbers, using indices
• 3,000,000,000,000 – too big for a calculator!!
• We could say 3 and 12 zeros
• So its 3 x 1,000,000,000,000
• And 1,000,000,000,000 = 1012
• So, 3,000,000,000,000 = 3 x 10 12
Standard Index Form – Big numbers

Convert into standard index form :

a) 500 = 5 x 100 = 5 x 102
b) 4000 = 4 x 1000 = 4 x 103
c) 60,000 = 6 x 10,000 = 6 x 104
d) 900,000
= 9 x 100,000 = 9 x 105
e) 7000,000
= 7 x 1000,000 = 7 x 106
Standard Index Form – Big numbers

• What about .......

• 39,000
39 x 103 ?

This number must be between 1 and

10
• So 39,000 = 3.9 x 10,000

= 3.9 x 104
Standard Index Form – Big numbers
• Convert 69,700 to Standard Index Form
• How many places have the digits moved ?

Thousands 1 1 1
H T U 10 100 1000
H T U
6 9 7 0 0
6 9 7
• They have moved 4 places, so
• 69,700 = 6.97 x 104
Standard Index Form – Big numbers
• Convert 146,300 to Standard Index Form
• How many places have the digits moved ?

Thousands 1 1 1
H T U 10 100 1000
H T U
1 4 6 3 0 0
1 4 6 3
• They have moved 5 places, so
• 146,300 = 1.463 x 105
Standard Index Form – Big numbers
• What about converting back ?
• 4.2 x 103 in normal decimal notation

Thousands 1 1 1
H T U 10 100 1000
H T U
4 2
4 2 0 0
• Move digits 3 places back & fill blanks, so
• 4.2 x 103 = 4200
Standard Index Form – Big numbers
• What about converting back ?
• 9.432 x 105 in normal decimal notation

Thousands 1 1 1
H T U 10 100 1000
H T U
9 4 3 2
9 4 3 2 0 0
• Move digits 5 places back & fill blanks, so
• 9.432 x 105 = 943,200
Rounding to:

Decimal Places
and

Significant Figures

Success Criteria

• I can round numbers to a given number of DECIMAL places and SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Starter – order decimals
Put these in order, smallest first.

0.231
. 2 1 3
0 0.132
0.12
3 0.312
What is the value…

3 4 5
Round the following number to 1dp

If thisNow
number
look is
at

6.348 a 0, 1,the2,number
we don’t
3 or 4
immediately
to doafter
have
anything
where
else weandstopped
we
havehighlighting
our
answer.
Firstly, highlight So we have
the number to 6.3
the first number
after the But is this the
decimal point answer?
Round the following number to 1dp

6.348 = 6.3 (1dp)

What if the red number was a 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9?

Lets look at an example

Round the following number to 1dp

If thisNow
number
look is
at

9.2721 a 5, 6,the7,number
we increase
8 or 9
immediately
last digit
afterby
the
where
one. we stopped
highlighting
Firstly, highlight So we have
the number to 9.2
the first number So 9.2 becomes
after the But is this the 9.3
decimal point answer?
Round the following number to 1dp

9.2721 = 9.3 (1dp)

Significant figures
• Digits of a number kept in place by zeros where
necessary.

• Zeros at the beginning or end don’t usually count, but

zeros ‘inside’ the number do.

• The rounded answer should be a suitable reflection of the

original number e.g.

24,579 to 1 s.f could not possible be 2

24,579 to 1 s.f is 20,000
How do we decide on the significant figures?
• Count significant figures from the left, starting from the
first non-zero digit.
49382 to 2 s.f. = 49000

0.05961 to 1 s.f. =
0.06

374.582 to 3 s.f. = 375

0.00093
0.0009317 to 2 s.f. =

Fill in zeros up to but not after the

decimal point.
YEAR 9 IGCSE
Unit 1 – Number 2

Topics:
Standard Form (Negative Indices)
Four Rules of Fractions
Ratio
Positive Integer Powers of Numbers
Direct Proportion
Standard Form (Negative Indices)

−4
2.3 × 1 0

Success Criteria
• I can write very small numbers in Standard Form using negative
indices and perform various calculations
Standard Form – Small numbers
• 0.0005

H T U 1
10
1
100
1 1 1
1000 10000100000

0 0 0 0 5
5
• How many places have the digits moved ?
• 4 places, but this time to the left
• So, 0.0005 = 5 x 10-4
Very small numbers
have –ve powers
Standard Form – Small numbers
• 0.00183

H T U 1
10
1
100
1 1 1
1000 10000100000

0 0 0 1 8 3
1 8 3
• How many places have the digits moved ?
• 3 places, but this time to the left
• So, 0.00183 = 1.83 x 10-3
Standard Form – Small numbers
• 9.4 x 10-4 in normal decimal notation

H T U 1
10
1
100
1 1 1
1000 10000100000

9 4
0 0 0 0 9 4
• Notice - power is –ve so its a small number
• Move digits 4 places back & fill blanks, so
• 9.4 x 10-4 = 0.00094
Standard Form – Small numbers
• 2.73 x 10-2 in normal decimal notation

H T U 1
10
1
100
1 1 1
1000 10000100000

2 7 3
0 0 2 7 3
• Notice - power is –ve so its a small number
• Move digits 2 places back & fill blanks, so
• 2.73 x 10-2 = 0.0273
Calculating with Standard Form
• (2 x103)x (3 x 105)
• (2 x 3) x (103 x 105) Add the powers
together
• 6 x 108

Subtract the
• (8 x 104) ÷ (2 x 102) powers
• (8 ÷ 2) x (104 ÷ 102)
• 4 x 102
Standard Index Form
• Remember:
• If the power is +ve, its a big number
• If the power is –ve, its a small number
• The power tells you how many places the
digits need to move (or have moved)
• To x or ÷ using Standard Index Form
• x or ÷ digits first and then x or ÷ the
powers of 10
Standard Form on the Calculator
• Calculator paper questions
x
• Calculator buttons - Exp or x 10
• To enter 6.2 x 103
• Type 6 . 2 Exp 3 Exponent –
powers of 10
• To enter 9.483 x 10-6
• Type 9 . 4 8 3 Exp - 6
Four Rules of Fractions +–×÷
Learn these steps to complete all fractions questions:

• Always convert mixed fractions into top heavy fractions

before you start
• When adding or subtracting the “bottoms” need to be made
the same
• When multiplying two fractions, multiply the “tops” together
and the “bottoms” together to get your final fraction
• When dividing one fraction by another, turn the second
fraction on its head and then treat it as a multiplication

Success Criteria
• I can ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY and DIVIDE Fractions
 Fractions with the four rules

4⅔ + 1½ 4⅔  1½

= 14 + 3 = 14  3
3 2 3 2
28 9 = 14  2
= 6
+ 6 3 3

37 28
= 6
= 9
1 1
= 6 6 = 3 9
 ?:6
? : 12
? : 10
Ratio
14 : ?
Success Criteria 1:?
Equivalent
Ratios
• I can divide 49 : ?
7:2 ? : 12
quantities in
to given 21 : ?
0.5 : ?
ratios.
?:1 2100 : ?

Splitting in a given ratio Total parts = 12

Anne gets 2 of 600 = £100

£600 is split between 12
Anne, Bill and Claire in Basil gets 7 of 600 = £350
the ratio 2:7:3. How 12
much does each Claire gets 3 of 600 = £150
12
receive?
Indices

am x an = am+n
am ÷ an = am-n
(am)n = am x n
a0 = 1

Success Criteria
• I can use the Laws of Indices to simplify expressions with powers
Putting them together?
26 x 24 = 210 = 27
23 23
35 x 37 = 312 = 38
34 34
25 x 23 = 28 = 22
24 x 22 26
Direct Proportion
Success Criteria
• I can solve applied problems involving Direct Proportion

If it costs $240 for 10 people to go to the cinema.

How much does it cost for 8 people.

10 : 240
Divide 10

1 : 24
Multiply 8
So 8 people cost $192
8 : 192
Direct Proportionality
Direct proportionality is a relationship between two variables
(things). Wire, for example, is sold by the metre – 25p per
metre – and this is a directly proportional relationship.

Length (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ?

Cost (p) 0 25 50 75 100 ? 525

The cost is directly proportional to

the length. As it gets longer, it costs
more.
Find the missing Number

Length (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ?
Cost (p) 0 25 50 75 100 ? 525

How to find
this number
 First choose any of
the top numbers
number.
I’ve chosen 2.

Length (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ?
Cost (p) 0 25 50 75 100 ? 525
 Find the number that
you times 2 by to get 5
X 2.5

Length (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ?
Cost (p) 0 25 50 75 100 ? 525

2 X (a number) = 5
So (the number) = 5 ÷ 2
(the number) = 2.5
 X 2.5

Length (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ?
Cost (p) 0 25 50 75 100 ? 525

Multiply 50 by 2.5 to
get the missing
number.
 X 2.5

Length (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ?
Cost (p) 0 25 50 75 100 125 525

X 2.5
50 X 2.5 = 125
 You can find missing top
numbers in a similar way.

Length (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ?
Cost (p) 0 25 50 75 100 125 525
Length (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ?
Cost (p) 0 25 50 75 100 125 525

First, choose any number

on the bottom row.
I’ve chosen 75.
 Find the number that
you times 75 by to
get 525.

Length (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ?
Cost (p) 0 25 50 75 100 125 525
X7
75 X a number = 525
The number = 525 ÷ 75
The number = 7
 X7
Length (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ?
Cost (p) 0 25 50 75 100 125 525

Multiply the 3 by X7
7 to find the
missing number
 X7
Length (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 21
Cost (p) 0 25 50 75 100 125 525

Multiply the 3 by X7
7 to find the
missing number
Example Question
The relationship between A and L is directly proportional.
Copy and complete this table:
A 1.4 1.6 1.72 3.2

L 1.12 1.18 1.60 1.114

The relationship between K and V is directly proportional.

Copy and complete this table:

K 1. 7.2 1. 18 1. 6 1. 9

V 1. 0.2 1. 0.5 1. 0.48 1. 0.25

YEAR 9 IGCSE
Unit 1 – Number 3

Topics:
Compound Percentages
Multiples, Factors and Primes
HCF and LCM
Calculator Work
 Compound Percentages - Reminder
• How to calculate a PERCENTAGE change

• Decrease £17.60 by 15%

Left with 85% of 17.60
85% of 17.60 MULTIPLIER of 0.85
= 17.60 x 0.85
= £14.96
Success Criteria
• I can apply compound percentages to real life problems
So….
• We can use this procedure for
repeated changes like
• Interest of money in bank account
• Depreciation of a motor car
e.g. Interest on Bank Account
£4 000 earns 5% interest each year.
ST
How much is it worth after 3 years?
R E
T E
End of Year 1 4 000 x 1.05

D IN
= 4 200

N
4 000 x 1.05
U
4 000 x 1.051
End of Year 2
PO4 200 x 1.05 = 4 410

O M 4 000 x 1.05 x 1.05 4 000 x 1.05 2

C Year 3 4 410 x 1.05 = 4 630.50

End of
4 000 x 1.05 x 1.05 x 1.05 4 000 x 1.053
Simple Interest?
• If an account only receives SIMPLE INTEREST, the £200
earned in the first year would be the same for every year
• In our example, that means

4 000 + 3 x 200 = £4 600

Formula
• To increase a number by R% for n successive times:

( )
𝑛
𝑅
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 1+
100
• To decrease a number by R% for n successive times:

( )
𝑛
𝑅
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 1 −
100
Multiples, Factors and Primes
Factors are the divisors of a number, i.e. those that can be
divided exactly into the number leaving no remainder.
A prime number is one that has only two factors, 1 and itself.

A composite number is one that has more than two factors.

Multiple - The result of multiplying a number by an integer

Success Criteria
• I am familiar with these definitions and can factorize a number in to
the product of Prime Factors
 40
Products of primes
Express 40 as a product of primes 2 20

2 10
40 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 (or 23 x 5)
2 5
630
Express 630 as a product of primes

2 315
Now do the same for
100 , 30 , 29 , 144 3 105

3 35
630 = 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 x 7 (or 2 x 32 x 5 x 7)
5 7
 Find the Highest Common Factor (HCF)
of 36 and 72

1. Find the prime factors of both numbers

36 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
72 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
2. Use one of each of the numbers that are
in both lists
HCF = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
HCF = 36

Success Criteria
• I can find the HCF and LCM of two numbers
 Find the Lowest Common Multiple
(LCM) of 36 and 90

1. Find the prime factors of both numbers

36 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
90 = 2 x 3 x 3 x 5
2. Use one of each of the numbers that are
in both lists and all the remaining
numbers.
LCM = 2 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 5
LCM = 180
1. Find the HCF of 12 and 1. 6
30. 2. 18
2. Find the HCF of 54 and 3. 90
180.
4. 168
3. Find the LCM of 18 and
30.
4. Find the LCM of 24 and
84.
 Expressing 2 numbers as a product of primes can help
HCF you calculate their Highest common factor
HCF
e.g. Find the highest common
Consider factor
the of 84 and
numbers 20120.
and 30.
84 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 7 Their Pick
factors are:
out all the bits that
1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 and are 1, 2, 3, 5,to6,both.
common 10, 15, 30
120 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5
Their highest common factor is 10
Highest common factor = 2 x 2 x 3 = 12

LCM Expressing 2 numbers as a product of primes can also

help you calculate their Lowest common multiple
LCM
e.g. Find the lowest common multiple of 300 and 504.
Consider the numbers 16 and 20.
300 = 22 x 3 x 52 Their multiples are:
Pick out the highest
valued
16,2 32, 48, 64, 80, 96 and 20,index for 80,
40, 60, each100
504 = 2 x 3 x 7
3
prime factor . is 80
Their lowest common multiple
Lowest common multiple = 23 x 32 x 52 x 7 = 12600
Calculator Work

Success Criteria
• I can use my Scientific Calculator efficiently