Globalization,

Development, and
Economic Growth
Development and Globalization:
The Effect of Globalization on
the Environment
Mohamed Ibrahim Doqow
INTRODUCTION TO IPE
• In addition to increasing greenhouse gas emissions,
globalization has caused many animals' natural
habitats to fall victim to increased farming, ranching,
fishing, and other economic activities.
• The more forests are cut down and the more
waterways are overfished, the poorer and unhealthier
our environment becomes.

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Positive Impacts of Balancing the Negative Impacts of
Globalization Impacts of Globalization
Globalization
1. Economic Growth and 1. Policy Measures 1. Economic Inequality
Development
2. Technological 2. Corporate Responsibility 2. Cultural Homogenization
Advancement
3. Cultural Exchange and 3. Individual Actions 3. Environmental
Diversity Degradation
4. Improved Living 4. Labor Exploitation
Standards
5. Enhanced Global 5. Threat to National
Cooperation Sovereignty

03/10/2025 4
 THE FIVE PRINCIPLES OF GLOBALIZATION?
(2) (3) (4)
(1) (5)
Foreign Capital Migration
Internation Diffusion of
direct market (movement
al trade technology
investment flows of labor

•The 4 pillars of globalization?

Investme
Trade Information People
nt

03/10/2025 5
THE FIVE MAIN TYPES OF GLOBALISATION?
Political
Globalisatio
n,

Institutional Cultural
Globalizatio Globalizatio
n. G,

Technologica
Economic
l
Globalizatio
03/10/2025 6
CONCLUSION
• A final conclusion is that in order to achieve a more
satisfactory relationship between society and its
environment, timely provision should be made for the
changes that human activities and competition over
use of resources may bring about in order to minimize
potential conflicts.

03/10/2025 7
Do Technology and Globalization
Influence Somalia's Economic
Growth and Create Better
Business Opportunities?
Ahmed Abdi Salad
 Introduction
Technology and globalization are transforming Somalia’s
economy. From mobile banking empowering businesses to
international trade unlocking new markets, these forces
are creating unprecedented opportunities. With growing
digital innovation and global connections, Somalia is
poised for economic growth—despite challenges—driving
entrepreneurship, investment, and job creation.
Technology and globalization are reshaping Somalia’s
economic landscape. With mobile connectivity driving
financial inclusion and global trade expanding market
access, Somalia is unlocking new opportunities for
growth. Despite challenges, these trends are paving the
 The Role of Technology in Somalia's
Economic Growth
Technology has become a significant driver of economic development
across the globe, and Somalia is no exception. Despite facing numerous
challenges, including political instability, security issues, and
underdeveloped infrastructure, Somalia has made notable strides in
using technology to support its economic growth and development.
Below are some key areas in which technology is playing a crucial role in
Somalia's economic progress:

1. Financial Inclusion and Mobile Money

Mobile Banking: Somalia is a leader in mobile banking in Africa, primarily

driven by mobile money services like EVC Plus, Zaad, and sahal edahab.

Remittances: With a large diaspora, Somalia receives substantial

remittances, and mobile money platforms play an essential role in
Continue
2. Agriculture and Rural Development

Smart Farming: Technology has

revolutionized agriculture in Somalia,
a sector that employs the majority of
the population.

Supply Chain Optimization: E-

commerce platforms and digital
solutions have improved access to
markets, allowing rural farmers to
directly reach consumers, reducing
The Impact of Globalization on Somalia’s
Economy
• Globalization has had a profound and
multifaceted impact on Somalia's economy.
While it has opened up opportunities for trade,
foreign investment, and technological
advancement, it has also brought challenges,
particularly in terms of political instability and
inequality. The flow of remittances from the
Somali diaspora has become a lifeline,
supported families and contributed to the
economy. However, Somalia continues to face
significant hurdles, such as infrastructure
deficiencies and regional disparities, that limit
the full potential of globalization.

• Overall, Somalia's economy is gradually

evolving through global interactions, but the
benefits are unevenly distributed. To fully
harness the advantages of globalization,
Somalia will need to address its internal
 Challenges to Somalia's Economic
Growth
The role of technology in fostering economic growth in Somalia is
undeniable, but there are significant challenges that hinder the
country’s ability to fully leverage technology to stimulate its economy.
These challenges, stemming from infrastructure deficits, skill gaps, and
security concerns, impact the adoption and widespread use of
technology across various sectors. Here are the key challenges to
Somalia’s economic growth related to technology.
•Limited Infrastructure.
•Weak Legal and Regulatory Framework for Technology.
•Lack of Intellectual Property Protection.
•Unclear Regulations for Tech Businesses.
•Dependency on External Technology Providers.
•Cultural Resistance to Technology.
Challenges to Somalia's Economic
Growth

Somalia faces numerous challenges

that hinder its economic growth and
development. These obstacles stem
from a combination of historical,
political, social, and environmental
factors that collectively impede the
country's ability to achieve stable,
inclusive economic progress. Below
are some of the primary challenges:
 Opportunities for Business in
Somalia
Technology is increasingly seen as a means to overcome some of the structural and logistical
challenges Somalia face
1. Mobile Telecommunications and Mobile Money
 Mobile Payments and Financial Services: Mobile money has already seen success in Somalia, with
platforms like Zaad and Hormuud leading the way.
 Mobile Networks Expansion: While mobile penetration is high, the demand for faster data networks
(such as 4G and future 5G) continues to rise. There are business opportunities in expanding mobile
network coverage, particularly in underserved regions, improving internet connectivity, and
providing affordable data plans to boost digital inclusion.
2. E-Commerce and Online Marketplaces
 Online Retail: Somalia’s digital economy is expanding rapidly, and there is an emerging demand
for e-commerce platforms that can offer products such as electronics, clothing, food, and more.
Entrepreneurs can tap into the online retail market by launching web-based stores and mobile
apps for Somali consumers both within the country and in the Somali diaspora.
 Logistics and Delivery Services: As e-commerce grows, so does the need for delivery services.
Setting up last-mile delivery companies that offer reliable shipping services for e-commerce
 Conclusion

In conclusion, technology and globalization are powerful

forces that are significantly shaping Somalia’s economic
growth and creating vast business opportunities. Technology
is fostering innovation, improving access to global markets,
and enabling new industries to emerge, such as e-
commerce, mobile finance, and telemedicine.
Globalization, in turn, is connecting Somali businesses with
international markets, attracting foreign investment, and
facilitating knowledge transfer, all of which are crucial for the
country’s economic development.
Post-COVID-19 Supply Chain
Resilience: Lessons and
Implications for the Global
Economy
Ismail Abdulkadir Ali
 Post-COVID-19 Supply Chain Resilience: Lessons and
Implications for the Global Economy
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed significant vulnerabilities in global supply
chains, leading to widespread disruptions across various industries. Factory
shutdowns, transportation bottlenecks, and workforce shortages highlighted the
fragility of systems optimized primarily for efficiency. As a result, businesses
and policymakers have recognized the imperative of building more resilient
supply chains to withstand future shocks.
Lessons Learned
1. Diversification of Suppliers: Relying on a single supplier or geographic
region proved detrimental during the pandemic. Companies are now
exploring multi-sourcing strategies to mitigate risks associated with supplier
dependency. Notably, only 31% of companies had developed alternate
sources for 70% or more of their tier 1 suppliers prior to the pandemic.
2. Digital Transformation: The crisis accelerated the adoption of digital
technologies, enabling real-time visibility and flexibility within supply
chains. Tools such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and the Internet
of Things (IoT) have become essential for monitoring and responding to
disruptions effectively.
3. Collaboration and Communication: Enhanced coordination among
suppliers, manufacturers, and logistics providers proved crucial in navigating
the challenges posed by the pandemic. Open communication channels
facilitated quicker responses to emerging issues
Strategies for Building Resilience
Supplier Diversification: Reducing dependency on single sources by engaging
multiple suppliers across different regions can enhance resilience. This
approach helps mitigate risks associated with regional disruptions.
Investment in Technology: Implementing AI for predictive analytics,
blockchain for transparency, and IoT devices for real-time tracking can provide
the necessary tools to anticipate and respond to potential disruptions.
Risk Management Planning: Developing comprehensive contingency plans
and conducting regular risk assessments enable organizations to prepare for and
mitigate the impact of unforeseen events.
Post-Pandemic Supply Chain Adaptations: The challenges posed by the
COVID-19 pandemic have prompted companies to rethink their supply chain
models. Businesses are prioritizing flexibility and agility, incorporating
adaptive frameworks that allow them to respond quickly to disruptions. For
instance:
CONT..
Just-In-Time (JIT) vs. Just-In-Case (JIC): The pandemic revealed the
drawbacks of JIT models reliant on lean inventories. A hybrid approach
combining JIT efficiency with JIC resilience is gaining traction.

Digitization of Supply Chains: Businesses are heavily investing in

automation, machine learning, and digital twins to simulate and optimize
supply chain operations.

Workforce Upskilling: The pandemic highlighted the importance of a

skilled workforce capable of navigating digital supply chain tools.
Companies are offering training programs to bridge skill gaps.
Opportunities for Emerging Markets
The shift towards regionalization and nearshoring presents a unique
opportunity for emerging markets to integrate into global supply chains.
Countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America are increasingly being
considered for manufacturing and supplier roles due to:
 Competitive labour costs.
 Strategic geographic locations.
 Expanding infrastructure and trade policies.
Role of Government and Policy
Governments have initiated efforts to strengthen supply chain resilience,
recognizing the need for preparedness against future economic shocks. Policies
aimed at diversifying supply chains and reducing dependencies are being
implemented to enhance national and global economic stability.
Future Trends
Regionalization: There is a noticeable shift towards nearshoring and
regionalization, with companies seeking to bring production closer to end
markets to reduce risks associated with long, complex supply chains.
Sustainability: An increased emphasis on sustainable and green supply chains is
emerging, with businesses striving to meet environmental standards and
consumer expectations.
Challenges in Implementation
While resilience-building measures are essential, they come with challenges:
1. Cost Implications: Diversification, technology upgrades, and sustainability
initiatives require significant financial investment, potentially impacting profit
margins.
2. Complexity in Coordination: Managing a multi-regional supply chain
involves overcoming language barriers, regulatory differences, and cultural
nuances.
Implications for the Global Economy
3. Environmental Concerns: Increasing transportation activities in regionalized supply
chains can pose ecological challenges, necessitating a balance between efficiency and
sustainability.

Implications for the Global Economy

Building resilient supply chains is essential for economic stability and growth. While
investments in resilience may incur additional costs, they are crucial for mitigating the
impact of future disruptions. A coordinated approach involving both the private sector
and policymakers is necessary to establish robust and adaptable supply chains capable
of withstanding global challenges. Call to Action
Organizations must act decisively to future-proof their supply chains. This involves:
 Establishing robust monitoring and early-warning systems.
 Engaging in cross-sector collaborations to foster innovation and resource sharing.
 Advocating for policies that incentivize sustainability and supply chain resilience.
Conclusion
The post-COVID-19 era has redefined supply chain management, emphasizing
resilience over mere efficiency. By adopting diversified, technology-driven,
and sustainable strategies, businesses can navigate future uncertainties while
contributing to a stable global economy. The pandemic serves as a stark
reminder that adaptability and proactive planning are no longer optional but
critical imperatives.
Trade Liberalization and
the Growth Economy
Sharmaake Ahmed Mohamud
 T h e R i s e of
Globalization
 Increased Interconnectivity  Economic Integration
Globalization has brought about a significant Trade liberalization has played a key role in the
increase in the interconnectedness of economies integration of economies.
worldwide. Countries have reduced barriers to trade,
This interconnectedness allows for the exchange leading to increased economic
of goods, services, and ideas. interdependence.
B e n e f i t s o f T r a d e Li be r a l i z a t i o n

1 E c o n o m i c Growth 2 I n c r e a s e d Efficiency

Trade liberalization has been linked Trade liberalization fosters

to increased economic growth. competition, leading to increased

By reducing trade barriers, efficiency in production and a wider

countries can access new selection of goods and services for
markets and resources. consumers.
3 J o b Creation 4 Reduced P r i c e s
Trade liberalization can lead to job Increased competition
creation in industries that benefit from international markets
from increased trade, such as can lead to lower prices for
manufacturing and services. consumers.
Challenges of Tr a d e
Li be r al i z a t i o n
 J o b D i s p l a c e men t  Environmental
Trade liberalization can lead to Degradat ion
job displacement in industries Increased trade can lead to
that are unable to compete with increased transportation and
foreign imports. production, contributing to
environmental degradation.

 Unequal
 L o s s o f Cultural
Dis t ribut ion o f
I d e n t i t y.
Benefits
Trade liberalization can lead to the
The benefits of trade liberalization
homogenization of culture, as
are not always distributed evenly,
countries adopt similar goods and
with some groups benefiting more
services.
than others.
 T h e Role of Institutions
Legal Frameworks Tr a d e Agreements
Strong legal frameworks are essential to International trade agreements help to
enforce trade agreements and protect reduce barriers to trade and create a more
intellectual property rights. stable trading environment.

I nt ernat ional O r g a n i z a t i o n s
International organizations, such as the World Trade Organization,
play a vital role in regulating trade and promoting cooperation.
 Developing E c o n o m i e s and Tr a d e
Liberalization

Te c h no l o g i c a l Tr a n s f e r
A c c e s s to Markets
Trade liberalization can facilitate the transfer of
Trade liberalization can provide developing economies
technology and know-how from developed to developing
with access to new markets for their products.
economies.

1 2 3
Investment Opportunities
Trade liberalization can attract foreign investment to developing
economies, boosting economic growth.
Sustainability and Environmental
Concerns

Sustainable Tr a d e Practices
1

E nv ironment al Regulations
2
Trade policies should consider the environmental impact of
production and transportation.

C a r b o n E m i s s i o n Reduction
3
Efforts should be made to reduce carbon emissions
associated with international trade.

Sustainable Consumption
4
Encouraging sustainable consumption patterns can
reduce the environmental foot print of trade.
 C o n c l u s i o n and Key Ta k e a w a y s
Trade liberalization can be a powerful driver of economic growth, but it's
crucial to address its challenges, such as job displacement and
environmental concerns.
Institutions play a crucial role in regulating trade, promoting sustainable
practices, and ensuring equitable distribution of benefits.
By embracing a balanced approach to trade liberalization, we can create a
more interconnected, prosperous, and sustainable global economy.
 Global Sustainable
Development Goals Adopted
by the United Nations
Amina Ali Mohamed
 Introduction

On September 25, 2015, 193 Heads of State at the United Nations General
Assembly set up a collection of 17 goals known as The Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) or simply Global Goals. The SDGs and their 169 targets form the core
of Resolution 70/1 of the United Nations, which is a breakthrough agreement called
AGENDA 2030.

The goals are to be achieved by all member states by year 2030. They are a
universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure all people
enjoy peace and prosperity.
On September 25, 2015, 193 Heads of State at the United Nations General
Assembly set up a collection of 17 goals known as The Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) or simply Global Goals. The SDGs and their 169 targets form the core
of Resolution 70/1 of the United Nations, which is a breakthrough agreement called
AGENDA 2030.

The goals are to be achieved by all member states by year 2030. They are a
universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure all people
enjoy peace and prosperity.
 Introduction

On September 25, 2015, 193 Heads of State at the United Nations General
Assembly set up a collection of 17 goals known as The Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) or simply Global Goals. The SDGs and their 169 targets form the core
of Resolution 70/1 of the United Nations, which is a breakthrough agreement called
AGENDA 2030.

The goals are to be achieved by all member states by year 2030. They are a
universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure all people
enjoy peace and prosperity.
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 RECAP

INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

AMINA ALI MOHAMED