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Missimg Plot Techniques-16-30

The document discusses techniques for handling missing observations in experimental data, particularly in clinical trials and agricultural experiments. It outlines classical methods for estimating missing values, including Yates' approach, which involves minimizing the error sum of squares and adjusting degrees of freedom in analysis of variance. The document also addresses specific scenarios for missing values in randomized block designs and Latin square designs, detailing the necessary calculations and adjustments for accurate statistical analysis.

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18.Sibasish Parida
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67 views16 pages

Missimg Plot Techniques-16-30

The document discusses techniques for handling missing observations in experimental data, particularly in clinical trials and agricultural experiments. It outlines classical methods for estimating missing values, including Yates' approach, which involves minimizing the error sum of squares and adjusting degrees of freedom in analysis of variance. The document also addresses specific scenarios for missing values in randomized block designs and Latin square designs, detailing the necessary calculations and adjustments for accurate statistical analysis.

Uploaded by

18.Sibasish Parida
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Missing plot techniques:

 It happens many time in conducting the experiments that some


observation are missed.
 This may happen due to several reasons.
 For example, in a clinical trial, suppose the readings of blood pressure
are to be recorded after 3 days of giving the medicine to the patients.
Suppose the medicine is given to 20 patients and one of the patients
doesn’t turn up for providing the reading.
 Similarly, in an agricultural experiment, the seeds are sown and yields
are to be recorded after few months. Suppose some cattle destroy the
crop of any plot or the crop of any plot is destroyed due to storm,
insects etc.
Missing plot techniques :
In such cases, one option is to
 Somehow estimate the missing value on the basis of available data
replace it back in the data and make the data set complete.

 Now conduct the statistical analysis on the basis of completed data


set as if no value was missing by making necessary adjustments in the
statistical tools to be applied.

 Such an area comes under the purview of “missing data models” and a
lot of development has taken place.
Missing plot techniques:
We discuss here the classical missing plot technique proposed by Yates
which involve the following steps :
• Estimate the missing observations by the values which makes the error
sum of squares to be minimum.
• Substitute the unknown values by the missing observations.

• Express the error sum of squares as a function of these unknown


values.
• Minimize the error sum of squares using the principle of
maxima/minima, i.e., differentiating it with respect to the missing value
and put it to zero and form a linear equation.
Continue.......
• Form as much linear equation as the number of unknown values (i.e.,
differentiate the error sum of squares with respect to each unknown
value).
• Solve all the linear equations simultaneously and solutions will
provide the missing values.
• Impute the missing values with the estimated values and complete
the data.
• Apply analysis of variance tools.
• The error sum of squares thus obtained is corrected but the
treatment sum of squares is not corrected.
Continue.....
.
• The number of degrees of freedom associated with the total sum of
squares is subtracted by the number of missing values and adjusted in the
error sum of squares.
• No change in the degrees of freedom of sum of squares due to
treatment is needed.
Missing observations in RBD: One missing
observation

Suppose one observation in (i, j)th cell is missing and let this be x. The arrangement of
observations in RBD then will be as follows:
Treatments (Factor B) Block
where,
1 2 j v totals
y 'oo : total of known
1 y11 y12 … y1j … y1v B1 observations
2 … … B2
y21 y22 y2j y2v
y'io : total of known
Blocks (Factor A)

. . . . . . observations in ith
. . . . . .
. . . . . . block.
i … yij = x … 𝑩𝒊 : total of known
yi1 yi2 yiv
= 𝒚' + 𝒙 y'oj
𝒊𝒐 observations in jth
. . . . .
. . . . . treatment.
. . . . .
b yb1 yb2 … ybj … ybv Bb
Treatmen T1 T2 … 𝑻𝒋 … Tv Grand
t totals = 𝒚' + 𝒙 total 𝑮 =
𝒐𝒋 𝒚'
+ 𝒙
𝒐𝒐
Missing observations in RBD: One missing
observation
(G ')2  ( yoo'  x)2
Correction factor (CF )
 n bv
b v
TSS  ij  CF
y 2

 i1 j
1
 (x 2  terms which are constant with respect to x)  CF

1
SSBl  v [( yio'  x)2  terms which are constant with respect to x]  CF

1
SSTr  b [( yoj'  x)2  terms which are constant with respect to x]  CF
SSE  TSS  SSBl 
SSTr ( y'
 x) 2

  1 ( yio  x)  1 ( y  x)
2 ' 2 ' 2
oo

x v b  oj bv
 (terms which are constant with respect to x) 
CF.
Missing observations in RBD: One missing observation

Find x such that SSE is minimum

(SSE)  0  2x  2( yio'  x) 2( yoj 


'
2( yoo' 
x) b  
x v x) bv
0
by'  vy'  y'
io oj
or x oo
 (b 1)(v 1)

The second‐order derivative condition for x to provide minimum


SSE can be easily verified.
Missing observations in RBD: Two missing
observations
If there are two missing observation, then let they be x and y.

‐ Let the corresponding row sums (block totals) are (R1  x) and
(R2  y).

‐ Column sums (treatment totals) are (C1  x) and (C2  y).


‐ Total of known observations is S. Then

1 1
SSE  x  y  v [(R  x)  (R  y) ]  b [(C1  x)2  (C2  y)2 ]
2 2 1 2 2 2

bv1 (S  x  y)2  terms independent of x


and y.
Missing observations in RBD: Two missing observations

Now differentiate SSE with respect to x and y, as

(SSE) R1  x C1  x Sxy
0x   0
x v b bv
(SSE) R2  y C2  y Sxy
0 y    0.
y v b bv

Thus solving the following two linear equations in x and y, we obtain


the estimated missing values

(b 1)(v 1)x  bR1  vC1  S  y

(b 1)(v 1) y  bR2  vC2  S  x. 25


Adjustments to be done in analysis of variance:

i. Obtain the within block sum of squares from incomplete


data.
ii. Subtract correct error sum of squares from (i). This gives
the
correct treatment sum of squares.
iii. Reduce the degrees of freedom of error sum of squares by
the number of missing observations.
iv. No adjustments in other sums of squares are required.
Missing observations in LSD:
Let
‐ x be the missing observation in (i, j, k)th cell, i.e.
yijk ,i  1, 2,.., v, j  1, 2,.., v, k  1, 2,.., v.
‐ R: Total of known observations in ith row
‐ C: Total of known observations in jth column
‐ T: Total of known observation receiving the kth treatment.
‐ S: Total of known observations
Missing observations in LSD:
Now
(S  x)2
Correction factor (CF)
 v2
Total sum of squares (TSS)  x2 + term which are constant with respect to x ‐
CF
(R  x)2
Row sum of squares (SSR) + term which are constant with respect to x ‐
 v CF
(C  x)2
Column sum of squares (SSC) + term which are constant with respect to x ‐
 v CF
(T  x)2
Treatment sum of squares(SSTr) + term which are constant with respect to x ‐
 v CF
Sum of squares due to error (SSE)  TSS - SSR - SSC -
SSTr
2(S  x)2
 x2  1  (R  x)2  (C  x)2  (T  x)2 
 v v2
Missing observations in LSD:
Choose x such that SSE is minimum.
So

d (SSE)
0
dx2x  v R  C  T  3x   4(S2  x) 

2
v
0
V (R  C  T ) 
or x
2S (v 1)(v  2)

Adjustment to be done in analysis of variance:
Do all the steps as in the case of RBD.
To get the correct treatment sum of squares, proceed as follows:
 Ignore the treatment classification and consider only row and
column classification.

 Substitute the estimated values at the place of missing


observation.

 Obtain the error sum of squares from complete data, say


SSE1 .

 Let SSE2 be the error sum of squares based on LSD


obtained earlier.

 Find the of
number corrected
missing treatment
values. sum of squares = SSE2 ‐ SSE1 30
Thank You

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