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Quantum Wells

A quantum well is a two-dimensional potential well that confines particles, leading to discrete energy levels known as energy sub-bands. The document discusses the preparation methods for quantum nanostructures, properties of quantum wells, and the mathematical expressions governing energy levels within these wells. It highlights the differences in energy levels and states between one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and bulk materials.

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90 views9 pages

Quantum Wells

A quantum well is a two-dimensional potential well that confines particles, leading to discrete energy levels known as energy sub-bands. The document discusses the preparation methods for quantum nanostructures, properties of quantum wells, and the mathematical expressions governing energy levels within these wells. It highlights the differences in energy levels and states between one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and bulk materials.

Uploaded by

faizali4349
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quantum well states

GITAM UNIVERSITY
A University should be a place of light, of liberty, and of learning.

Department of Electrical Electronics and Communication


Engineering

BY:
● Mupparaju sri sai Harshith (BU21EECE0100407)
● Tadipathri Syed Faiz Ali (BU21EECE0100140)
● Mallu Rameshwara Reddy (BU21EECE0100153)
● T.Karthik(BU21EECE0100164) www.gitamedu.com
Quantum Well

A quantum well is a potential well that confines particles, which were originally
free to move in three dimensions, to two dimensions, forcing them to occupy a
planar region. The effects of quantum confinement take place when the
quantum well thickness becomes comparable at the de Broglie wavelength of
the carriers (generally electrons and holes), leading to energy levels called
"energy sub-bands", i.e., the carriers can only have discrete energy values.

The conduction electrons would be delocalized in the plane of the plate, but
confined in the narrow dimension, a configuration referred to as a quantum well
2
3
Preparation of quantum nano structure

• Bottom-up(method)

• Top-down-method
(Lithography)

4
Properties

Size: Large percentage of atoms on the surface for small n is one of the principal factors that differentiates properties of
nanostructures from bulk material.

N₃ = 12n²
Nₜ = 8n³ + 6n² + 3n
d = na = 0.565n
Where:-
•n is likely the quantum number, which determines various properties like energy levels, the number of states, or
the spacing in the system.
•N₃ and Nₜ represent the number of available states in a quantum system, with Nₜ being the total.
•d represents some distance (e.g., between energy levels or within the quantum well) that scales with n.

5
Figure 3.2. Numbers of electrons N(E)
plotted as a function of the energy E for
conduction electrons delocalized in one
(quantum wire), two (quantum well), and
three dimensions (bulk material)

6
Figure 3.3. Density of states D(E) = dN(E)/dE plotted as a function of the
energy E for conduction electrons delocalized in one (Q-wire), two (Q-well)
and three (bulk) dimensions
Standard quantum-mechanical texts show that for an infinitely deep square potential well
of width a in one dimension, the coordinate has the range of values there are given by the
expressions - 1/2 * a <= x <= 1/2 * a inside the well, and the energies
•

E = [ (π² * ħ²) / (2m * α²) ] * n²


E = E₀ * n²
Where E₀ = [π² ħ² / (2μ²)] is the ground-state energy, and the quantum number n assumes
the values n = 1, 2, 3.
The electrons present in the system fill up the energy levels starting from the lowest
(ground state) and continue filling up higher energy levels until all available electrons are
accommodated.

An infinite square well has an infinite number of energy levels, with the spacing between
levels increasing as the quantum number n increases. However, if the well is finite, the
quantized energies E are all lower than the corresponding infinite well energies, and there
is only a limited number of energy levels. 8
THANK YOU

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