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Fluid Propeties Part 2

The document discusses fluid properties, focusing on viscosity, surface tension, and capillarity. It defines viscosity as the resistance of fluid layers to flow and provides examples and calculations related to viscosity, surface tension, and capillary rise. Additionally, it explains the effects of temperature on viscosity and includes problems for practical understanding.

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h.aideed111
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6 views20 pages

Fluid Propeties Part 2

The document discusses fluid properties, focusing on viscosity, surface tension, and capillarity. It defines viscosity as the resistance of fluid layers to flow and provides examples and calculations related to viscosity, surface tension, and capillary rise. Additionally, it explains the effects of temperature on viscosity and includes problems for practical understanding.

Uploaded by

h.aideed111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Properties Part 2

1
Fluid Properties (Cont.)
5 .Viscosity (Dynamic Viscosity)
6 .Surface tension
7 .Capillarity
Viscosity
 Viscosity (Dynamic Viscosity) is defined as the property
of fluid which offers resistance to one layer of fluid
over another adjacent layer of fluid. (Resistance to
flow).
 Consider two sufficiently large parallel plates placed at
a small distance y apart with the space between them
filled with a fluid.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvDJyhYSJv8
Viscosity
Cont…
 With the lower plate stationary the upper plate
moves with a velocity u, by the application of a
force F, the area of the plate being A.
 The layer adjacent to the lower plate will be
at rest or zero velocity.
 Viscosity is that property of a real fluid by
virtue of which it offers resistance to shear
force. It is a measure of its resistance to shear or
angular deformation
we know
Unit of Viscosity

 For water the viscosity at 20°C is nearly 1 cP. Motor oil


500 cP.
 The ratio of dynamic viscosity to the density is
defined as kinematic viscosity, ν, having a dimension
of m2/s.
 kinematic viscosity is also called momentum
diffusivity. The popular unit used is stokes.
Centistoke is also often used.
 The viscosity of liquids generally decrease with
increase of temperature while that of gases increase
with increase temperature.
Problems on viscosity
Example 1:
Determine the density, specific weight, specific gravity and
specific volume of a fluid having viscosity 6 poise and kinematic
viscosity 0.7 x 10-3 m2/s.
Problems on viscosity
Example 2:
Calculate the dynamic viscosity of a liquid having
kinematic viscosity of 8.5 stokes and specific gravity of
1.65.
Problems on viscosity
Example 3:
Determine the kinematic viscosity of an oil with a density of 960
kg/m3. The shear stress at a layer where the velocity gradient is
0.125/s is 0.25 N/m2.
Problems on viscosity
Example 4:
The velocity distribution over a plate is given as u =
0.7y + 0.8 y2. Determine the shear stress at y = 0,
and y = 0.2 m. µ = 8.63 poise.
Surface Tension
Energy required to increase the surface area of a
fluid. The formation of bubbles, droplets and free jets
are due to the surface tension of the liquid.
In liquids cohesive forces between molecules lead to
surface tension. Liquids also exhibit adhesive forces
when they come in contact with other solid or liquid
surfaces.
When the adhesive forces are higher, the contact
surface is lifted up forming a concave surface. Oils,
water etc. exhibit such behavior. These are said to be
surface wetting.
Surface Tension
 When the adhesive forces are lower, the contact
surface is lowered at the interface and a convex
surface results as in the case of mercury. Such liquids
are called non-wetting.
Pressure difference for a droplet, ∆P = 2(σ/R) Pressure
difference for a hollow bubble, ∆P = 4(σ/R) Pressure
difference for a cylindrical jet, ∆P = (σ/R)
Where, ∆P = Pressure difference in N/m2 σ = surface
tension in N/m

Please see the textbook for full derivation of these relations.


Surface Tension
Problems on Surface Tension
1. Calculate the surface tension if the pressure difference
between the inside and outside of a droplet of 3 mm dia is
18 N/m2.
Problems on Surface Tension
2. Determine the pressure difference across a nozzle if
diesel is sprayed through it with an average diameter
of 0.03 mm. The surface tension is 0.04 N/m.
Capillary Rise or Depression
• Rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary tube is caused by
surface tension and depends on the relative
magnitude of cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion
of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel.
Let D be the diameter of the tube and β is the contact angle. The surface tension forces
acting around the Circumference of the tube = π × D × σ.
The vertical component of this force = π × D × σ × cos β This is balanced by the fluid
column of height, h, the
specific weight of liquid being γ
Equating, h × γ × A = π × D × σ cos β, A = πD2/4

h = (4π × D × σ × cos β)/(γ πD2) = (4σ × cos β)/ρgD


Where σ is the surface tension, β = contact angle, γ = Specific
weight, D = diameter of the tube
β = zero for WATER,
Problems on Capillary Rise
1. If the capillary rise in a glass tube immersed in water is
not to exceed 2.3 mm, determine the inner diameter of
the tube. For water σ = 0.0712 N/m.
Problems on Capillary Rise
2. Determine the capillary depression of mercury in a 2
mm glass tube. Assume σ = 0.5 N/m and β = 130°.

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