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Multimedia Compression Techniques

JPEG is a lossy image compression standard developed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group, accepted as an international standard in 1992, which reduces file sizes while maintaining quality. The compression process involves several steps including splitting the image, color space transformation, DCT, quantization, serialization, vectoring, and encoding. MPEG, established by the Moving Picture Experts Group, sets standards for audio and video compression, utilizing techniques like temporal prediction and motion compensation to efficiently compress video data.

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20 views18 pages

Multimedia Compression Techniques

JPEG is a lossy image compression standard developed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group, accepted as an international standard in 1992, which reduces file sizes while maintaining quality. The compression process involves several steps including splitting the image, color space transformation, DCT, quantization, serialization, vectoring, and encoding. MPEG, established by the Moving Picture Experts Group, sets standards for audio and video compression, utilizing techniques like temporal prediction and motion compensation to efficiently compress video data.

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shibilbasith4u
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MEDIA

COMPRESSION
STANDARDS
JPEG

JPEG is an image compression standard which was developed by "Joint


Photographic Experts Group".
 In 1992, it was accepted as an international standard.
JPEG is a lossy image compression method.
JPEG is used to reduce the size of the file without damaging its quality.
By reducing the size we can store it in a huge amount which was not
possible earlier. Reducing the size of images will also improve the
efficiency of the system as it will give less load on it.
STEPS:-

 Splitting
 Color space transformations
 DCT
 Quantization
 Serialization
 Vectoring
 Encoding
1.SPLITTING

• The input image is divided into a small block which is having 8x8
dimensions. This dimension is sum up to 64 units. Each unit of the
image is called pixel.
2.COLOR SPACE TRANSFORM

• In this phase, we convert R, G, B to Y, Cb, Cr model. Here Y is for


brightness, Cb is color blueness and Cr stands for Color redness. We
transform it into chromium colors as these are less sensitive to human
eyes thus can be removed.
3.Apply DCT
After the conversion of colors, it is forwarded to DCT. Discrete Cosine Transform uses a
cosine function and does not use complex numbers. It converts informations which are
in a block of pixels from the spatial domain to the frequency domain.

FORMULA:-

4.Quantization
Humans are unable to see important aspects of the image because they are having
high frequencies. The matrix after DCT conversion can only preserve values at the
lowest frequency that to in certain point. Quantization is used to reduce the number of
bits per sample.
There are two types of Quantization:

1.Uniform Quantization

2.Non-Uniform Quantization

5.Serialization

In serialization, we perform the zig-zag scanning pattern to exploit


redundancy.
The zigzag scan is used to map the 8x8 matrix to a 1x64 vector. Zigzag scanning is
used to group low-frequency coefficients to the top level of the vector and the high
coefficient to the bottom. To remove the large number of zero in the quantized matrix,
the zigzag matrix is used.
6.Vectoring
Next step is vectoring, the different pulse code modulation (DPCM) is applied to the DC
component. DC components are large and vary but they are usually close to the
previous value. DPCM encodes the difference between the current block and the
previous block.
7.Encoding

In the last stage, we apply to encode either run-length encoding or Huffman encoding.
The main aim is to convert the image into text and by applying any encoding we
convert it into binary form (0, 1) to compress the data.
Run Length Encoding (RLE)
MPEG

 MPEG stands for Moving Picture Experts Group. It is a working group of authorities
which is established to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission
 MPEG group is formed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It has released various versions of file
(standards) namely MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-3, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, MPEG-21 etc.
 The MPEG standard is a set of specification for compressed audio and video file. It is
designed for storing video on Digital Audio Tapes (DAT) and audio files on standard
audio Compact Disc (CD).
 The MPEG file has ".mpeg" as a file extension.
How Does MPEG Work?

• The MPEG algorithm compresses the data to small bits. These bits can
be easily transmitted and decompressed and then the video is encoded
through a technique called Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). The
compression rate of MPEG is very high as it stores only the changes
that occur from one frame to another frame. It does not store the
complete frame that allows it reduce the size of overall file.
Four video compression techniques:-

1. Pre-processing
2. Temporal prediction
3. Motion compensation
4. Quantization
Pre-processing

o Filters out unnecessary information


• Information that is difficult to encode
• Not an important component of human visual perception
Temporal Prediction

o Uses the mathematical algorithm Discrete Cosine


Transform(DCT) to:
• Divide each frame into 8X8 blocks of pixels
• Recognize residual differences between frames
• Encode each block separately
Motion Compensation

 Try to match each block in the actual picture to content in the previous
picture. Matching is made by shifting each of the 8x8 blocks of the two
successive pictures pixel by pixel each direction
 Subtract the two blocks
 Transmit the motion vector and the difference block.
Quantization

• Lossy compression
• Compressed range of value by a single quantum value
• Quantization matrix is designed to provide more resolution to
perceivable frequency
• Set much of the unnecessary elements to Zero
• Uses a Zig Zag ordering and run length encoding.
THANKYOU!

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