ROADMAP:

GRAMMAR 3
 Attendance
• Compulsory Attendance: 75%
• Four-Month / Two-month Courses: 15 three-
house classes. 3 missing classes.
• Three-Month Courses: 23 two-hour classes. 6
missing classes.
 Exams and Final Assignments
• Odd Numbers (1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,18): 2
Written Assigments + 1 Final Written
Assignment.
• Even Numbers (2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,19): 2
Written Assignments + 1 Final Written Exam +
1 Final Oral Exam.
 Final Exam
• Two Components: written and oral. To earn a pass, you must reach a
6 in each of the components.
• The written component is asynchronic. You will have 6 full days to
start, but once you start you have only 180 minutes to complete it.
• Time runs without pause (even with powercuts or internet shortage).
• The oral component is synchronic, and it lasts between 5-10
minutes.
• It consists of 3 questions.
• Each component is independent of the other one, and the make-up
revolves around the failed component(s).
 Assignments
• Two written tasks based on a topic: Internet Product Review /
Physical and Personality Description of a Person.
• Students are expected to write a generic text (v.g. a paragraph,
a card information, an argumentative essay, a short story, a
tour/shop guide, a formal letter).
• They do not condition the passing. They serve for teaching
analysis.
• Submission is not compulsory.
• The feedback is merely orientative, not level-defyning. There is
number mark, only a comment feedback.
 The Verb Be
• The verb be means ser o estar. It has a declarative
form, a negative form and an interrogative form.
• The verb be is an auxiliary verb, which means its
negative form is made by adding the adverb not:
You are crazy = You are not crazy
I play football = *I play not football
• The affirmative form is inflected with the forms am, is and
are:
Unabridged Version Comprised Version
I am I´m
You are You´re
He is He´s
She is She´s
It is It´s
We are We´re
You are You´re
They are They´re
 Negative Form
• The negative is created by adding the adverb not:

Unabridged Version Comprised Version

I am not I´m not
You are not You aren´t
He is not He isn´t
She is not She isn´t
It is not It isn´t
We are not We aren´t
You are not You aren´t
They are not They aren´t
• In the interrogative form, the auxiliary am, is or are moves to
the left of the subject:
Am I am crazy?
Are you are Mary?
Is he is your boyfriend?
Is she is the new teacher?
Is it is Argentina?
Are we are in Mexico?
Are they are John and Peter?
 Demostrative Pronouns
• Demonstrative pronouns signal the distance between the
speaker and one or more entities.
• These pronouns are classified according to their number
feature (i.e. singular/plural) and their degree of distance (i.e.
close/far):
 Family
• Relatives = Parientes.

Father: Padre Son = Hijo

Dad = Pa Daughter = Hija
Daddy = Papi Children = Hijxs
Mother = Madre Brother = Hermano
Mom = Ma Sister = Hermana
Mommy = Mami Siblings = Hermanxs
Parents = Padres
 Mediate Relatives By Consanguinity
Grandather = Abuelo Grandchildren = Nietxs
Grandpa = Abu Aunt = Tía
Grandmother = Abuela Uncle = Tío
Grandma = Abu Cousin = Primo/a
Grandson = Nieto Nephew = Sobrina
Grandaughter = Nieta Niece = Sobrino
 Relatives by Affinity
Father in Law = Suegro Godmother = Madrina
Mother in Law = Suegra Godfather = Padrino
Parents in Law = Suegrxs Godparents = Padrinxs
Son in Law = Yerno Godson = Ahijado
Daughter in Law = Nuera Godaughter = Ahijada
Children in Law = Yernxs Godchildren = Ahijadxs
Brother in Law = Cuñado Stepfather = Padrastro
Sister in Law = Cuñada Stepmother = Madrastra
Siblings in Law = Cuñadxs Fake Father = Padre Postizo
 Possession
• In English, the possession can be signaled through
the use of:
1)A Possessive Adjective: This is his house.
2)A Possessive Pronoun: This house is his.
3)The Prenominal Possessive Affix: This is Jack´s
house.
4)The Pronominal Possessive Affix: This house is Jack
´s.
Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns
(+ Noun) (+ No Noun)
My Mine
Your Yours
His His
Her Hers
Its Its
Our Ours
Your Yours
Their Theirs
 The Possessive ´s
• The possessive ´s is an suffix used to signal the owner of
something. The word order is usually:
Owner + ´s + Entity Possessed.
Peter´s house
• It is possible to talk about an entity possessed by another
entity that is also possessed:
Secondary Owner + ´s + Main Owner + ´s + Entity
Possessed
Mary´s friend´s house
 Present Simple
• The present simple is used to talk about:
1)Routines and Frequent Actions: I go to the gym twice a week.
2)Universal Truths: The sun rises in the East.
3)Events Stated as Facts: Tiktoks comprise a lot of info.
 Affirmative
• Forthe affirmative form, the verb in inflected normally, but
with the third person singular, it is inflected with the suffix –s:
I play football every other day
You play football every other day
He plays football every other day
She plays football every other day
It costs €20 only once in a month
We play football every other day
They play football every other day
 Negative
• For the negative form, the verb in inflected without –s, but the
auxiliary do/does is inserted to accompany the adverb not:

I do not play football I don´t play football

You do not play football You don´t play football
He does not play football He doesn´t play football
She does not play football She doesn´t play football
It does not cost €20 It doesn´t cost €20
We do not play football We don´t play football
They do not play football They don´t play football
 Interrogative
• For the interrogative form, the auxiliary verb do/does is inserted
to the left of the subject and to the right of the wh- word:
Where do I live?
What do you want?
Does he work?
How much money does she have?
How does it work?
Do we have access to the platform?
Do they eat pizza?
 Have
• Theverb have used to be an auxiliary verb, but over time it
became a lexical verb:
 Countable and Uncountable Nouns
• Countable nouns can be numbered, and they can be singular
and plural:
One person / Two people
Two fish/ Two fishes
One child / Three children
• Uncountable nouns, on the contrary, cannot be numbered,
and they are always singular. They can be measured:
*One water
*Two sugars
 Existential Constructions
• The existential constructions are created by using the
expletive there and the verb be.
• It
is essential to distinguish between the expletive there and
the adverb there:
There are two people there
• Theverb be is inflected in third person singular or plural,
depending on the entity mentioned:
There is a cat on the roof
There are a lot of cats in the streets
 Affirmative
There is a cat on the roof
There are a lot of cats in the streets
Negative
There is not a cat on the roof
There are not a lot of cats in the streets
Interrogative
Is there is a / any cat on the roof?
Yes, there is / No, there isn´t.
Are there are a lot of cats in the streets?
Yes, there are / No, there aren´t
 Quantifiers
• Quantifiers are words and phrases that establish a quantity. They can be
used with countable and uncountable nouns:
There are a lot of people in this room
There isn´t any chair available
• Some of these quantifiers can be used in affirmative constructions;
others are only used in interrogative and negative constructions:
Is there any house left?
There are some tables here
There aren´t many visitors now.
 Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
Some (Pl) = Algunos/as Some (Sing.) = Algo de
Any (Int. Sin.) = Algún(a) Any (Int. Sing.) = Algo de
Any (Int. Plural) = ∅ / Algunos/as ∅
Any (Neg Sing.) = Ningún(a) Any (Neg. Sing.) = Nada de
Any (Neg Plur.) = ∅ ∅
A Lot of / Lots of = Muchos/as A Lot of / Lots of = Mucho/a
How Many = Cuántos/as How Much = Cuánto/a
A Few = Unos/as pocos/as A Little of = Un poco de
A / An (Sing.) = Un/Una ∅
 Articles
• In English there are three types of articles:

Definite Indefinite Zero

Singular The A/An ∅

Plural The - ∅
 Definite Article
• Uniquenouns (v.g. weekend, morning, afternoon, evening, sun,
moon, sky):
The Pope visited France
• Entities already known by the participants:
Can you lend me the car, please?
• Singular nouns that denote a specie:
The pig is one of the most exploited animals in farms
• A system of public services:
The train works better in this city
You should call the police
• Withsome adjectives, to denote social groups (poor, rich,
young, elder, unemployed):
Kill the rich!
The young always bring about social changes
The State should take care of the elder and the disabled
• With geographical features (v.g. groups of islands, rivers,
seas, oceans, canals, mountains):
The Amazon has lost one third of its trees
• Newspapers:
Have you seen the Huffpost´s piece of news?
• Families:
The Kirchners were accused of fraud
• Before superlative adjectives and ordinal numbers:
This is the highest building in New York
This is the first house I rent
• Decades:
My dad told me a lot about the seventies!
• Hotels and restaurants:
We are eating at the Golden Lion and staying at the Hilton
 Indefinite Article
• Countablesingular entities that are not unique and that are
mentioned for the first time:
In a small village there lived a young girl
• One non-specific entity (specially if there are a lot of similar
entities):
Can you pass me a hammer, please?
• Jobs:
He is an architect and she is a doctor
• Political wings:
Joe Biden is a Democrat but Bush is a Republican
 Zero Article
• Plural nouns and uncountable nouns as a generalization:
I hate babies
The man was overcome by sadness
• Proper Nouns (except with names in plural):
Mary travelled to the United Stated and to the Netherlands
• Some institutions used in their common functions (v.g. school,
hospital, university, college, prison, camp):
Mary started university when Mark was sent to prison
• Magazines:
Have you read Vogue this week?
 Need
• The verb need accounts for necessity. It has three different structures:
• Subject + Need + Noun: it signals that an entity is necessary.
I need money right now!
• Subject + Need + To + Verb: it signals that it is necessary to do an
actions.
In two months, I will need to look for a new job
• Subject + Needn´t + Have + Participle: it signals that an action that
happened in the past was not necessary.
You needn´t have paid the dinner!
• Need is a lexical verb, so its negative and interrogative form follow the
lexical pattern.
 Adjectives
• InSpanish, adjectives can go to the left of the noun (i.e.
evaluative adjectives) or to the right (i.e. descriptive
Adjectives):
Un pobre hombre / Un hombre pobre
• In English, however, both evaluative and descriptive
Adjectives always go to the left of the noun:
A poor man
• The adjective can go to the right of verbs such as be, seem, sound and
look:
Peter is great!
He seems smart
You look amazing!
That sounds pathetic
• It is also possible to enhance or weaken the strenght of the adjective by
adding adverbs such as quite, scarcely, barely, tremendously:
This food is barely healthy
The book looks really difficult to read
 Past of Be: Was/Were
• In the past, be is inflected in two different ways:
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
We were
They were
 Negative Form
• The negative form is created by adding the adverb not:

Unabridged Version Comprised Version

I was not I wasn´t
You were not You weren´t
He was not He wasn´t
She was not She wasn´t
It was not It wasn´t
We were not We weren´t
You were not You weren´t
They were not They weren´t
• In the interrogative form, the auxiliary am, is or are moves to
the left of the subject:
Was I was crazy?
Were you were Mary?
Was he was your boyfriend?
Was she was the new teacher?
Was it was Argentina?
Were we were in Mexico?
Were they were John and Peter?
 Can
• The verb can (present) means poder, and it signals two types
of information:
1)Permission: Can I go out with my friends, mom?
2)Physical / Mental / Emotional Ability: Flies can´t swim
• Depending on the context, the same sentence can signal one
type or the other one:
You can´t leave the house! (Ability)
You can´t leave the house! (Permission)
• The verb can is inflected in the same way for all the
pronouns:
I can make dinner
You can make dinner
He can make dinner
She can make dinner
It can make dinner
We can make dinner
They can make dinner
 Negative
• For the negative form, the adverb not is inserted:

I cannot play football I can´t play football

You cannot play football You can´t play football
He cannot play football He can´t play football
She cannot play football She can´t play football
It cannot cost €20 It can´t cost €20
We cannot play football We can´t play football
They cannot play football They can´t play football
• Inthe interrogative form, the auxiliary can moves to the left
of the subject:
Can I can play football?
Can you can read this?
Can he can go out?
Can she can run for President?
Can Argentina can win the Worldwide coup?
Can we can visit Mexico next year?
Can they can come tomorrow morning?